THE ELECTRIC SUB STATION

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 THE ELECTRIC SUB STATION
INTRODUCTION

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The present electrical power system is a
complex interconnection of Generating

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stations-Transmission systems-
Receiving stations- Distribution systems
and Load points.
In all the above phases of power flow, the
transfer of electrical energy takes place in
the electric sub stations.
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 THE ELECTRIC SUB STATION
INTRODUCTION

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Basically an electrical sub station consists

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of a number of incoming circuits and out
going circuits connected to common bus
bar systems.

Bus bars are conducting bars to which a

number of incoming or out going circuits
are connected. 3

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 THE ELECTRIC SUB STATION
INTRODUCTION
Each circuit connected to the bus bar will have

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certain electrical component such as circuit
breakers, isolators, earth switches, current

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transformers and voltage transformers.

These components are connected in a definite

sequence such that a circuit can be switched off
during normal operation by manual command
and also automatically during abnormal
conditions such as short circuits.
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 THE ELECTRIC SUB STATION
INTRODUCTION
A sub station receives electrical power from

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generating station through incoming
transmission lines and delivers electrical

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power through the out going transmission
lines.
Sub station is an integral part of a power
system and is an important link between the
generating stations, transmission systems,
distribution systems and load points.
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 THE ELECTRIC SUB STATION

DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

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The sub station is designed with an

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objective to provide maximum
reliability, flexibility, continuity of
service and to meet these objectives
with the lowest investment costs that
satisfy system requirement.

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 THE ELECTRIC SUB STATION
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

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System requirements include the selection of
optimum voltage levels depending on the load

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requirements and the transmission distances
involved. Generally, the generating source will be
far away from the load centers. The advantage of
capitalizing on low site costs, availability of ample
cooling water supply, economical fuel supply and
less stringent environmental considerations
compel construction of generating source far away
from load centers, there by, increasing
transmission distances.
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 THE ELECTRIC SUB STATION
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

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Hence, to transmit power over long distances the
transmission voltage is to be increased and in our

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country 400 kV is becoming common and higher
voltages for transmission is being explored. Many
factors such as voltage level, load capacity, site space
limitations, transmission line right of way requirement
and environmental considerations influence the design
of sub stations.

The system requirement must be met with minimum

costs as the cost of equipment, labor, land and site
treatment is increasing every day. 8

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 THE ELECTRIC SUB STATION
BUS LAYOUT AND SWITCHING ARRANGEMENT

Since the major sub station costs are reflected in the

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power transformers, circuit breakers and disconnecting
switches, the bus layout and switching arrangement

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selected will determine the number of switches and
power circuit breakers required.

A number of factors must be considered in the selection

of bus layouts and switching arrangements for a sub
station to meet system and station requirements.

A sub station must be reliable, economical, safe,

and as simple in design as possible.
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 THE ELECTRIC SUB STATION
SUB STATION LAYOUT AND BUS BAR SCHEMES

The term layout denotes the physical

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arrangement of various components in

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the sub station relative to one another.
The layout is significant as it influences
the operation, maintenance, cost and
protection of the sub station. These
aspects are considered while designing
the sub station layout.
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 THE ELECTRIC SUB STATION
SUB STATION LAYOUT AND BUS BAR SCHEMES

With the given number of incoming lines, out going

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lines, transformers, etc., the sub station can be
designed in several alternative ways.

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The physical arrangement of the equipment is
called the layout of the sub station. The layout is
illustrated by means of single line diagrams.

The design of sub station layout need careful

consideration of several aspects such as: 11

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 THE ELECTRIC SUB STATION
SUB STATION LAYOUT AND BUS BAR SCHEMES
Switching requirement for normal operation.

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Switching requirement during abnormal
conditions like short circuits and overloads.

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Degree of flexibility in operations, simplicity.
Freedom from total shutdowns.
Maintenance requirements, space for
approaching various equipment for
maintenance.
Road/ rail for transporting main and auxiliary
equipment.
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 THE ELECTRIC SUB STATION
SUB STATION LAYOUT AND BUS BAR SCHEMES

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Safety of personnel.
Protective zones for main and back up

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protection.
Provision for bye pass facilities and for
extensions, space requirements.
Technical requirements such as ratings,
clearances, earth system, lightning protection.
Requirement for SCADA and communication.
Compatibility for local and ambient condition. 13

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 THE ELECTRIC SUB STATION
SUB STATION LAYOUT AND BUS BAR SCHEMES

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The choice of bus bar schemes for ac yards
depend upon several factors mentioned above.

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The important bus bar schemes are:
Single bus bar
Double bus bar with one breaker per circuit
Double bus bar with two breaker per circuit
Main and transfer bus
Ring bus or Mesh scheme
Breaker and a half(1 1/2 breaker) arrangement 14
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 THE ELECTRIC SUB STATION
SUB STATION LAYOUT AND BUS BAR SCHEMES

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The various schemes are generally compared to
emphasize their advantage and limitations.

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The basis of comparison is generally the degree
of reliability & economic justification.

The degree of reliability is evaluated by

determining continuity of service under anticipated
operating conditions and possible faults.
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 THE ELECTRIC SUB STATION
VARIOUS BUS BAR SCHEMES

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SINGLE BUS BAR SCHEME

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BUS
ISOLATO
R

BREAKE
R
CURRENT TRANSFORMER

POWER TRANSFORMER
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 THE ELECTRIC SUB STATION
SINGLE BUS BAR SCHEME
Advantage Lowest cost

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Disadvantage:

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Maintenance without interruption of supply is not possible.

Sub station can not be extended without completely de-

energizing the sub station

Can be used only where loads can be interrupted or have

other supply arrangements. Least flexibility.
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 THE ELECTRIC SUB STATION
VARIOUS BUS BAR SCHEMES

SINGLE BUS BAR SCHEME WITH BUS

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SECTIONALISER

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BUS SECTION-1 BUS SECTION-2

SECTIONALISER ISOLATO
R
BREAKE
R
CURRENT
TRANSFORMER

POWER TRANSFORMER

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 THE ELECTRIC SUB STATION
SINGLE BUS BAR SCHEME WITH BUS SECTIONALISER

Sectionalizing the single bus improves slightly the

reliability if the incoming and out going circuits are

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distributed evenly on both the sections.

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Where double feed is provided for any single load it is
preferable to have one circuit from each section.

In this arrangement each section behaves as a separate

bus bar and any outage can be confined to one section
of the bus bar.

Only the faulty section will be tripped by bus differential

protection. 19

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 THE ELECTRIC SUB STATION
DOUBLE BUS BAR WITH ONE BREAKER PER CIRCUIT

BUS-1

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BUS-2

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BUS COUPLER
BREAKER

BREAKER

POWER TRANSFORMER

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 THE ELECTRIC SUB STATION
DOUBLE BUS BAR WITH ONE BREAKER PER
CIRCUIT
This arrangement has the following advantages:

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Each load may be fed from either bus.
Operational flexibility may be increased by grouping the

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incoming and out going feeders in separate groups.
Either bus bar can be taken out for maintenance.
Bus coupler helps in on load change over from one bus
to the other.
Adopted where load and continuity justify additional
cost.
A major disadvantage is that the breaker can not be
taken out for maintenance without interrupting supply to
the concerned circuit.
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 THE ELECTRIC SUB STATION
DOUBLE BUS BAR WITH ONE BREAKER PER
CIRCUIT

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Bus protection scheme may cause loss of sub
station when it operates if all circuits are

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connected to that bus.
High exposure to bus faults.
Line breaker failure takes all circuits connected
to that bus out of service.
Bus tie breaker failure takes the entire sub
station out of service.
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 DOUBLE MAIN BUS & CB BYPASS ISOLATOR SYSTEM

T/F-1 T/F-2

BAY1 BAY2 BAY4 BAY6 BAY7

BUS-1

BUS-2 BUS COUPLER

BAY3 BAY5

FOR ANY CB PROBLEM OR FOR

PREVENTIVE MAINTANENCE, SUCH
FEEDER CAN BE SHIFTED TO ANOTHER
BUS AND THE BYPASS ISOLATOR IS
CLOSED, THEN PROTECTION IS
TRANSFERRED TO BUS COUPLER AND
THE FAULTY CB CAN BE ISOLATED.
FEEDER1 FEEDER2 FEEDER3 FEEDER4
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 THE ELECTRIC SUB STATION
MAIN AND TRANSFER BUS
MAIN BUS

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TIE BREAKER
BREAKER

TRANSFER BUS

LINE LINE
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 THE ELECTRIC SUB STATION
MAIN AND TRANSFER BUS
This is an alternative to double bus single

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breaker arrangement which provided for change
over to either bus for carrying out maintenance

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on other bus. But it provided no facility for
breaker maintenance without interrupting power
supply to the concerned circuit.
The main and transfer bus works the other way
round.
This arrangement provides facility for carrying
out breaker maintenance but does not permit
bus maintenance. 25

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 THE ELECTRIC SUB STATION
MAIN AND TRANSFER BUS

Any breaker can be taken out of service for maintenance.

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Wherever maintenance is required on any breaker, the circuit is changed
over to the transfer bus and controlled through the bus coupler breaker.

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Potential devices may be used on the main bus for relaying.

The cost is increased due to use of an extra isolator for each circuit and
providing interlock for bus coupler and circuit isolators.

Relaying sensitivity decreases as the same bus coupler is used to energize

the concerned circuit for all the circuit breakers whenever they are taken
out for maintenance.

Failure of bus or any circuit breaker results in shut down of entire sub
station. 26

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DOUBLE MAIN BUS & TRANSFER BUS SYSTEM
T/F-1 T/F-2

BUS-1

BUS COUPLER
BUS-2

TRANSFER BUS
COUPLER
BAY3 BAY4 BAY5
BAY1 BAY2 TRANSFER BUS BAY6 BAY7 BAY8

FEEDER1 FEEDER2 FEEDER3 FEEDER4

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 BUS BAR ARRANGEMENTS
Double Bus Bar Arrangement with Transfer
Bus.
This arrangement provides more additional
flexibility, continuity of Power Supply,
permits periodic maintenance without total
shut down as the two main buses can be
operated independently with the same
redundancy.
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 THE ELECTRIC SUB STATION
DOUBLE BUS BAR WITH TWO BREAKER
PER CIRCUIT

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BUS-1

BREAKER

BUS-2

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LINE LINE 29
 THE ELECTRIC SUB STATION
DOUBLE BUS BAR WITH TWO BREAKER PER
CIRCUIT

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Each circuit has two dedicated breakers.

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Has flexibility in permitting feeder circuits to be
connected to either bus.
Any breaker can be taken out of service for
maintenance.
High reliability.
Most expensive. Used only in large generating
stations where security of connection is paramount.
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 THE ELECTRIC SUB STATION
RING BUS OR MESH SCHEME

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ISOLATOR

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BREAKER

LINE

POWER TRANSFORMER

LINE
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 THE ELECTRIC SUB STATION
RING BUS OR MESH SCHEME
In this scheme the breakers are arranged in a ring with
circuits connected between breakers.

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There are the same number of circuits as there are breakers.

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During normal operation, all breakers are closed. For a circuit
fault, two breakers are tripped, and in the event one of the
breaker fails to operate to clear the fault, an additional circuit
will be tripped by operation of breaker- failure back up relays.

During breaker maintenance, the ring is broken, but all lines

remain in service.

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 THE ELECTRIC SUB STATION
RING BUS OR MESH SCHEME
The circuits connected to the ring are arranged so that
sources are alternated with loads.

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For an extended circuit outage, the line isolator may be opened
and the ring can be closed.

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No changes to protective relays are required for any of the
various operating conditions or during maintenance.

The ring bus scheme is economical in cost, has good reliability,

is safe for operation, is flexible, and is normally considered
suitable for important sub stations up to a limit of five circuits.

It is common practice to build major sub stations initially as a

ring bus; for more than five outgoing circuits, the ring bus is
usually developed to the breaker-and-a-half scheme.
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 THE ELECTRIC SUB STATION
One and a Half Breaker Arrangement.

This arrangement provides three circuit

breakers for every two circuits. It gives
high security against loss of supply but
higher cost is involved. Hence this is
provided for important 400/220 KV Sub
Stations.

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THE ELECTRIC SUB STATION
BREAKER -AND -A -HALF SCHEME

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BUS-1
ISOLATOR

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BREAKER

LINE

TIE BREAKER

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BUS-2 35
 I-CONFIGUARATION
FEEDER1 FEEDER3 FEEDER5 FEEDER7 FEEDER9 FEEDER11

BUS-1 DIA1 DIA2 DIA3 DIA4 DIA5 DIA6

BAY10

BAY13

BAY16
BAY4

BAY7
BAY1

BAY11

BAY14

BAY17
BAY8
BAY2

BAY5

BAY12

BAY18
BAY15
BAY9
BAY3

BAY6

BUS-2

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FEEDER2 FEEDER4 FEEDER6 FEEDER8 FEEDER10 FEEDER12
 D-CONFIGUARATION
FEEDER1 FEEDER2 FEEDER5 FEEDER6 FEEDER9 FEEDER10

BAY2 BAY8 BAY14

BAY15
BAY13
BAY3

BAY9
BAY1

BAY7
DIA1 DIA3 DIA5

BUS-1

BUS-2

BAY18
BAY12
BAY10
BAY6

BAY16
BAY4

DIA2 DIA4 DIA6

BAY5 BAY11 BAY17

FEEDER3 FEEDER4 FEEDER7 FEEDER8 FEEDER11 FEEDER12

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 THE ELECTRIC SUB STATION
BREAKER -AND -A -HALF SCHEME

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The breaker and a half scheme, some times called
the three switch scheme, has three breakers in

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series between the main buses.

Two circuits are connected between the three

breakers, hence the term breaker and a half.

This pattern is repeated along the main buses so

that one and a half breakers are used for each
circuit. 38

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 THE ELECTRIC SUB STATION
BREAKER -AND -A -HALF SCHEME

Under normal operating conditions all breakers are

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closed and both buses are energized.
A circuit is tripped by opening the two associated circuit

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breakers.
Tie breaker failure will trip one additional circuit, but no
additional circuit is lost if a line trip involves failure of a
bus breaker.
Either bus may be taken out of service at any time with
no loss of service.
With sources connected opposite loads, it is possible to
operate with both buses out of service.
Breaker maintenance can be done with no loss of
service, no relay changes, and simple operation of the
breaker isolators. 39

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 THE ELECTRIC SUB STATION
BREAKER -AND -A -HALF SCHEME

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The breaker-and-a-half arrangement is more
expensive than other schemes, except the double-

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breaker-double-bus scheme.

However, the breaker-and-a-half scheme is superior

in flexibility, reliability, and safety.

Protective relaying and automatic re-closing

schemes are more complex than for other schemes
and hence costly. 40

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THANK YOU

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ANY QUESTIONS ?

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