1.

1 State types of aromatic compound

1.2 State the reactions of aromatic

compounds

1.3 Explain the properties of aromatic

compounds

1.4 State the uses of aromatic compound in

daily life
Benzene is an organic chemical compound with
the molecular formula C6H6

It is a natural constituent of crude oil, and may

be synthesized from other compounds present in
petroleum.

It is an aromatic hydrocarbon
It is also related to the functional
group arene which is a generalized structure of
benzene.
Benzene is a colorless and
highly flammable liquid with a sweet smell and a
relatively high melting point

Because it is a known carcinogen

its use as an additive in gasoline is now limited

It is an important
industrial solvent and precursor in the
production of drugs, plastics, synthetic rubber,
and dyes
• Electrophilic aromatic substitution is a general
method of derivatizing benzene.

• The Friedel-Crafts acylation is a specific

example of electrophilic aromatic substitution
• The reaction involves the acylation of benzene
(or many other aromatic rings) with an acyl
chloride using a strong Lewis acid catalyst such
as aluminium chloride or iron chloride which
act as a halogen carrier.
• Like the Friedel-Crafts acylation, the Friedel-
Crafts alkylation involves the alkylation of
benzene (and many other aromatic rings)
using an alkyl halide in the presence of a
strong Lewis acid catalyst
• Aromatic sulfonation is an organic reaction in
which a hydrogen atom on an arene is replaced
by a sulfonic acid functional group in
an electrophilic aromatic substitution.
• Benzene is mainly used as an intermediate to
make other chemicals.
• Its most widely-produced derivatives
include styrene, which is used to make polymers
and plastics, phenol for resins and adhesives
(via cumene), and cyclohexane, which is used in
the manufacture of Nylon.
• Smaller amounts of benzene are used to make
some types of rubbers, lubricants
dyes, detergents, drugs, explosives, napalm and
pesticides.
• Phenol is found naturally in decaying dead
organic matter like rotting vegetables and in
coal.

• It was first isolated in 1834 from coal tar and this

remained the main source of phenol until the
First World War.

• The first synthetic method was then devised and

all of the phenol today is man made
• Phenol, also known as carbolic acid, is an
organic compound with the chemical formula
C6H5OH.

• It is a white, crystalline solid. This functional

group consists of a phenyl, bonded to a hydroxyl
(-OH).
 Phenol is a colorless or white crystalline solid
when it is pure; however, it is usually sold and
used as a liquid.

 The odor threshold for phenol is 0.04 parts

per million (ppm), with a strong very sweet odor
reported.

 Phenol is very soluble in water and is quite

flammable.
Its melting point is 43° C and its boiling point
is182° C.

The vapor pressure for phenol is 0.3513 mm Hg

at 25 °C, and it has a log octanol/water partition
coefficient (log Kow) of 1.46.
Phenol is highly reactive toward electrophilic
aromatic substitution as the oxygen atom's pi
electrons donate electron density into the
ring.

By this general approach, many groups can be

appended to the ring, via halogenation,
acylation, sulfonation, and other processes.
 The primary use of phenol is in the
production of phenolic resins, which
are used in the plywood,
construction, automotive, and
appliance industries.

 Phenol is also used in the

production of caprolactam and
bisphenol A, which are
intermediates in the manufacture of
nylon and epoxy resins, respectively.
 Other uses of phenol include as a slimicide, as a
disinfectant, and in medicinal products such as
ear and nose drops, throat lozenges, and
mouthwashes.
• Toluene occurs naturally at low levels in crude
oil
• It is usually produced in the processes of making
gasoline via a catalytic reformer, in an ethylene
cracker or making coke from coal.

• Final separation (either via distillation or solvent

extraction) takes place in a BTX plant.
• Toluene, formerly known as toluol, is a clear,
water-insoluble liquid with the typical smell of
paint thinners.

• Chemically it is a mono-substituted benzene

derivative, i.e. one in which a single hydrogen
atom from the benzene molecule has been
replaced by a univalent group, in this case CH3
• Toluene reacts as a normal aromatic
hydrocarbon towards electrophilic aromatic
substitution.
• The methyl group makes it around 25 times
more reactive than benzene in such reactions.
• It undergoes smooth sulfonation to give p-
toluenesulfonic acid, and chlorination by Cl2 in
the presence of FeCl3 to give ortho and para
isomers of chlorotoluene.
• Molecular formula C7H8 or C6H5CH3
• Molar mass 92.14 g/mol
• Appearance colorless liquid
• Density 0.8669 g/mL
• Melting point  −93 °C
• Boiling point 110.6 °C
• It undergoes nitration to give ortho and
para nitrotoluene isomers, but if heated it
can give dinitrotoluene and ultimately the
explosive trinitrotoluene (TNT).
• Toluene is a common solvent, able to dissolve
paints, paint thinners, silicone sealants, many
chemical reactants, rubber, printing ink,
adhesives (glues), lacquers, leather tanners,
and disinfectants.
• It can also be used as a fullerene indicator, and
is a raw material for toluene diisocyanate
(used in the manufacture of polyurethane
foam) and TNT
• It is also used as a cement for fine polystyrene
kits (by dissolving and then fusing surfaces) as
it can be applied very precisely by brush and
contains none of the bulk of an adhesive.
• Toluene can be used as an
octane booster in gasoline fuels
used in internal combustion
engines
• Toluene at 86% by volume
fueled all the turbo Formula 1
teams in the 1980s, first
pioneered by the Honda team
• Toluene has also been used as a
coolant for its good heat
transfer capabilities in sodium
cold traps used in nuclear
reactor system loops.
• Benzoic acid, C7H6O2 is a colorless
crystalline solid and the simplest aromatic
carboxylic acid.
• The name derived from gum benzoin,
which was for a long time the only source
for benzoic acid.
• produced commercially by partial oxidation of
toluene with oxygen.
• catalyzed by cobalt or manganese
naphthenates.
• The process uses cheap raw materials,
proceeds in high yield, and is considered
environmentally green
• Benzoic acid is cheap and readily available
• practiced for its pedagogical value. It is a common
undergraduate preparation.

• Molecular formula C6H5COOH

• Molar mass 122.12 g/mol
• Appearance colorless crystalline solid
• Density 1.32 g/cm3, solid
• Melting point  122.4 °C
• Boiling point 249.2 °C
• Feedstock: Benzoic acid is used to make a
large number of chemicals. For example
Benzoyl chloride, C6H5C(O)Cl, is obtained by
treatment of benzoic with thionyl chloride,
phosgene or one of the chlorides of
phosphorus.
.
• Food preservative: Benzoic acid and its salts are
used as a food preservative.
i. Benzoic acid inhibits the growth of mold, yeast
and some bacteria
ii. created from reactions with its sodium,
potassium, or calcium salt.
• Medicinal: a constituent of Whitfield‘s
Ointment which is used for the treatment of
fungal skin diseases such as tinea, ringworm,
and athlete's foot.