: , ,

/ .

99.9%

( )
- (.. ...)

(, )


() (.. , )
, ...

, , , , ,

( )
,

BOD (Biochemical oxygen demand

) :
.. /.
.. + 2 + / / + C2 + 3 + 2 +

COD ( Chemical oxygen demand

) :
.. CO2 H2O
.

(..)

..
( -
faecal coliforms)

/
..
 !!!

..... 221/65 :
,

( )

:

/



- BOD 35%
*

*

- BOD 75-95%
-

- &
-


UV
-

(* )

( / sludge/biosolids)

: , , , /.

, ( ) ,

BOD
/

: 25-400C/15-30 : 55-700C/20-50

:



( (
( (
) ( )
) ) )

(
)

( /
)

Bacteria
Spirochetes comprise the bottom of the food chain and they would normally break down chemicals found in wastewater.
They serve as the food source for many of the higher lever organisms like amoebas, stalked ciliates, rotifers.
The structure called "floc" is comprised of filamentous bacteria and single cell as well as colonial bacteria that adhere to the
wall of the filamentous bacteria. The floc is an important part of the biological treatment of wastewater.
During the treatment process the floc, due to its physical nature, would settle down to the bottom of a settling tank and
hopefully leave a clear supernatant. The clear supernatant may receive additional treatment and released as reclaimed wate

,,
floc / /
, ,

(Amoebae):
,

(Flagellates) :

(Ciliates) :

/ /


(Rotifers):

/ flocs

(Nematodes)

 /

( Bacteroides, Clostridium ..)
()


(..)

..
( -
faecal coliforms)

/
..
Microbial type Major diseases Concetration in wastewaters Infectious dose
Viruses
Enteroviruses Poliomylitis Medium to High Low
Poliovirus Gastroenteritis, heart
Enterovirus Anomalies, meningitis
Echovirus Hepatitis
Coxsackievirus
Hepatitis A virus
Adenovirus Respiratory disease, conjuctivitis
Reovirus Not clearly established
Calicivirus Gastroenteritis
Norwalk agent Gastroenteritis,
SSRV Diarrhea, vomiting, fever
Rotavirus Gastroenteritis
Astrovirus Gastroenteritis
Bacteria
Vibrio cholerae Cholera Medium to High High
Salmonela typhi Typhoid, Salmonellosis High
Enteropathogenic E.coli Gastroenteritis High
Campylobacter jejunei Gastroenteritis High
Shigella dysinterae Dysentery Low
Yersinia enterocolitica Yersiniosis High
Protozoa
Giardia intestinalis Giardiasis Low to High Low
Cryptosporidium Diarrhea, fever Low
Parvum Amoebic dysentery Low
Entamoeba histolytica
Helminths
Ascaris lumbricoides (Round worm) Ascariasis Low Low
Ancylostoma spp.(Hook worm) Ancylostomiasis Low
Trichuris trichiura (Wrip worm) Trichuriasis Low
Strongiloides stercoralis Strongyloidasis Low
 / ;



- (effluent)

x1=xo.e-(t-t0)

:
x:
(x) (x1) (t-t0)


/:
Naegleria fowlerii and other amebas
Legionella species
Mycobacteria species
Aeromonas species
Vibrio species
/

/

/

(encapsulation/embedding) /




pH / pH
/
pH>8
(..NaCl)
/

/
/ ,
/ /

 /
2-3
~75-90% / ~35%
. ~10

(<1 log) ( ) /
( )

/
~ 0-2 log
/ / .

, UV,

~ 0-4 log , ()
/

/ :
/ :

: >>

10-30mg/L 30-60
(.. )

(3)

UV

, ,
Cryptosporidium, Giardia
 /

: Salmonella, , ..:

Enteric viruses: coliphages, HAV, Noroviruses:

Least


, ..
Cryptosporidium parvum
Giardia lamblia
Ascaris lumbricoides
Acid-fast bacteria: Mycobacterium spp.

Most
 Table 3-9: Comparison of different disinfection treatments

Chlorinatio UV Ozone Micro- Ultra- Nano-

Characteris n/ filtration filtration filtration
tics/ Dechlorinat
Criteria ion
Safety low high middle high high high
Bacterial middle middle middle middle high high
removal
Virus low low middle low high high
removal
Protozoa none none middle high high high
removal
Bacterial low low low none none none
regrowth
Residual high none low none none none
toxicity
By- high none low none none none
products
Operating low low middle high high high
costs
Investment middle middle high high high high
costs

Source: Urkiaga and Fuentes, 2004

 /

(ppm)

0,5 1,0 <10min

,

pH
0,5 1,0 99,99% 0,5

4,0 mg/l 99,999% 0,5

0,5 1,5 99,99% 3

pH
Cl
1:

: http://www.legionella.org


221/65 :

(, , ,
- ...)

.

,

.
 91/271 ..:

:
- 31/12/2000 : 15000 .
- 31/12/2005: 2000-15000 .

.
: ,
, ,
, +

: ,
, , ,
, +


(, ...)
/

18%
70%
12%

10%
20 ( )


/
, ,
( , , ..)

(, , , )
(, air condition, )
( , )
 / :

,
 Table 3-5: Survival of viral particles and bacteria in soil and groundwater
Virus Bacteria
Factor
Moisture Increased virus reduction in drying soils although Bacteria survive longer in moister soils
content reduction rates varies between viral types

Moisture Viral dependant. Some viruses more susceptible Survival is less in sandy soils with lower water- holding
holding to drying capacity
capacity
Soil Type Adsorption to surfaces can increase survival Clay coatings can inhibit pedaction and parasitism
times effects.Adsorption can increase survival times
pH Indirect effects through effects on adsorption. Shorter survival times in acidic soils.
Most enteric viruses stable between pH 3 and 9
Cations Generally increased cations increases virus Increased cations increases adsorption which tends to
survival. The opposite has also been observed increase survival rates
Soluble May protect viral particles from inactivation. Increased survival and possible regrowth when sufficient
organics Some evidence to suggest may reversibly amounts of organic matter are present
decrease infectivity
Temperature Increased temperature decreases virus survival Lower temperatures increase survival rates
Sunlight Minor influence at the soil surface Bacterial survival is least at the soil surface where the light
is most intense
Microbial The presence of indigenous microorganisms has Indigenous microbes tend to out compete introduced
factors been shown to decrease virus survival times. microorganisms
Survival varies between virus types.
Type of Different viruses vary n their ability to with stand Varies depending on bacterial physiology, metabolism,
organism environmental conditions spore formation, ability to form biofilms etc.

Source: Roper and Marshall 1979; Gerba and Bitton 1984; Yates and Yates 1988



(Ascaris)

180
160
140

120

(Amoebae)
100
80

60 B

40
20
0
1 2 3 4
 Pathogen Survival on Crops

Crop Temperature Survival (days)

Pathogen
Salmonella radish, lettuce sunny 10
shady 31
E. coli alfalfa 12 - 23 1
9 - 18 4
grass 12 - 23 5
Taenia grass/hay 30 22 - 60
10 - 16 30 - 210
Poliovirus grass 30 - 42 0.33
4 - 16 2
 , ,

/ ( )

/ (,/ , ,
, , )

(, ,, -spray, )

( )

( restricted irrigation):
,
, (),
(. ,,)
,


(unrestricted irrigation):

,
 WHO

/





,

, /













 WHO:

. /
(/L) (cfus/100ml)

()
,
,
<0.1 <103

,
, (<2.2)

,

<1 <105
,

, (<23)

 USEPA (EPA/625/R-92/004)
Faecal coliforms (FC)
No

FC200 cfus / 100 ml 0 FC / 100 ml

(..) :
(.. ) /
,
,
( restricted irrigation):
,

(),
(. ,,)

(unrestricted irrigation):

,
Turkish water quality criteria for irrigation, according to classes
Class I Class II Class III Class IV Class V
Quality Criteria (Perfect) (Satisfactory) (Usable) (Usable (Improper
with care) harmful)
EC25 (microhos at 25 oC) 106 0-250 250-750 750-2,000 2,000-3,000 >3,000
Sodium (Na, %) <20 20-40 40-60 60-80 >80
Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR) <10 10-18 18-26 >26
Residual Sodium Carbonate >1.25 1.25-2.5 >2.5
(RSC) in meq/l or mg/l <66 66-133 >133
Chloride (Cl-) in meq/l or mg/l 0-4 4-7 7-12 12-20 >20
0-142 142-249 249-426 426-710 >710
Sulphate (SO4=) in meq/l or 0-4 4-7 7-12 12-20 >20
mg/l 0-192 192-336 336-575 575-960 >960
Total Salt Concentration (mg/l) 0-175 175-525 525-1,400 1,400-2,100 >2,000
Boron Concentration (mg/l) 0-0.5 0.5-1.12 1.12-2.0 >2.0 -
Class of Irrigation Water * C1S1 C1S2, C1S3, C1S4, C2S4, -
C2S2, C2S1 C2S3, C3S4, C4S4,
C3S3, C4S3, C4S2
C3S2 C4S1
C3S1
NO3--N or NH4+-N (mg/l) 0-5 5-10 10-30 30-50 >50
Faecal Coliform** 1/100 ml 0-2 2-20 20-100 100-1,000 >1,000
(CFU in 100 ml)
BOD5 (mg/l) 0-25 25-50 50-100 100-200 >200
TSS (mg/l) 20 30 45 60 >100
pH 6.5-8-5 6.5-8.5 6.5-8.5 6.5-9 <6 or >9
Temperature (oC) 30 30 35 40 >40


(incineration)

(landfill) (
)

(, ) BOD,
/

: & /
30-40% ,
CO2 C4 ()
.

86/278/..,

USA (US Environmental Protection Agency EPA 1993-Part 503 Rule)

A B
<1000 . /gram 2x106 . ./gram (
( ) )

B / 30

14
38
(, ...) 1

Advanced treatment:
6 log10 Salmonella
Senftenberg
6 log10 E.coli
0 Salmonella / 50 g .

<500 cfus E.coli /g

Conventional tretament
2 log10 E.coli

Working document on
sludge 3rd Draft (EU)
Brussels,27 April 2000
 :

(aerosols)
/
/

.
(
)

: 10 m & 450 m
: 67 m & 400 m
: ( )

( , ) /
()

(, , )
(.. , ) (.. )
: E.coli 157:7
/

*** /
 2089/../9-10-2008

:
<2 cfus /100ml sto 90%

Max 1 20 cfus /100ml
2
D5 <10mg/l
<10mg/l
,

3 7 D5


:
(85%)
(13%)
(2%)


EU 271/91

350 () 65%

1800 21%

14%

: 42%

41%

17%

83%

3.2% /


25 (8.5% , 5.2%
)

( )

,
( )

7.5% (2.4%
)


: 750000 m3/
: ,
: 35% BOD 250mg/L
: & , BOD 25mg/L,
80-90%
: (60m )
: , 30-350C,,
280t/