LTE Drive Test Parameters

RSRP
RSRP :- Reference signal receive power.

RSRP (dBm) = RSSI (dBm) -10*log (12*N)

where RSSI = Received Signal Strength Indicator

N: number of RBs across the RSSI is measured and depends on the
BW
Significance : - RSRP is the most basic of the UE physical layer
measurements and is the linear average power (in watts) of the downlink
reference signals (RS) across the channel bandwidth for the Resource elements
that carry cell specific Reference Signals. Knowledge of absolute RSRP provides
the UE with essential information about the strength of cells from which path
loss can be calculated and used in the algorithms for determining the optimum
power settings for operating the network. Reference signal receive power is
used both in idle and connected states

Range :- -44 to -140 dBm

RSRP term is used for coverage same as RSCP in 3G.

RSRP Plot & Threshold
 RSRQ
RSRQ :- Reference signal receive quality.

RSRQ = RSRP / (RSSI / N)

N is the number of resource blocks over which the RSSI is measured
RSSI is wide band power, including intra cell power, interference and
noise.

Significance :- It provides the Indication of Signal Quality . Measuring

RSRQ becomes particularly important near the cell edge when
decisions need to be made, regardless of absolute RSRP, to perform a
handover to the next cell. Reference signal receive quality is used only
during connected states

Range :- -3 to -19.5 dB

RSRQ term is used for Quality same as Ec/No in 3G.

RSRQ Plot & Threshold
 SINR
SINR :- Signal to Noise Ratio.

SINR = S / I + N

S -- Average Received Signal Power

I -- Average Interference power
N -- Noise Power

Significance : Is a way to measure the Quality of LTE Wireless Connections. As the

energy of signal fades with distance i.e Path Loss due to environmental
parameters ( e.g. background noise , interfering strength of other simultaneous
transmission)

Radio Conditions for SINR Measurement

SINR PLOT & Threshold
 RSSI
RSSI :- Received Signal Strength Indicator.

RSSI = wideband power = noise + serving cell power + interference power

RSSI=12*N*RSRP
RSSI per resource block is measured over 12 resource elements.

N: number of RBs across the RSSI is measured and depends on the BW

Based on the above:

RSRP (dBm) = RSSI (dBm) -10*log (12*N)

Significance Is the parameter represents the entire received power including

the wanted power from the serving cell as well as all the co channel power &
other sources of noise
RSSI Plot & Threshold
CQI
CQI :- Channel Quality Indicator.

Range :- 1 to 15

Significance: CQI is a measurement of the communication quality of wireless

channels i.e. it indicates the downlink mobile radio channel quality as experienced
by the UE .CQI can be a value representing a measure of channel quality for a
given channel. Typically, a high value CQI is indicative of a channel with high
quality and vice versa.

CQI is measured in the Dedicated mode only.

CQI depends on the RF conditions.

Better the CQI better the throughput will get and vice versa.
CQI Plot & Threshold
PCI
PCI :- Physical Cell Id
Range :- 0 to 503

Significance - PCI used to identify the cell & is used to transmit the data

PCI = PSS + 3*SSS

PSS is Primary Synchronization Signal ( Identifies Cell Id ).
PSS value can be 0, 1 & 2
SSS is Secondary Synchronization Signal ( identifies Cell Id
group).
SSS value can be 0 to 167.
There is no standard way for planning of PCIs but there are some guidelines.
Co-PCI assignment for close sites needs to be avoided
Sectors on the same eNode B should have the same SSS code but different PSS (assuming three sectored sites).
This is not mandatory but helps synchronization of UEs and improves traceability of the PCI assignment.
Co-PCI assignment for the neighbors needs to be avoided. If the neighbors are Co-PCI, the handover process
may fail. Also, this is the trickiest requirement. (We will be adding an analysis in the LTE toolbox that evaluates
the PCI assignment and detects this condition)
It is common to allocate a separate set of PCIs for outdoor cells and indoor cells. The reason is again
management of the PCIs and the fact that indoor cells are rarely tri-sectored. They are usually deployed in
variety of antenna configurations.
PCI Plot & Threshold
BLER
BLER :- Block Error Rate

Block Error Ratio is defined as the ratio of the number of erroneous blocks
received to the total number of blocks transmitted.

Significance - A simple method by which a UE can choose an appropriate CQI

value could be based on a set of Block Error Rate (BLER) thresholds . The UE would
report the CQI value corresponding to the Modulation Coding Schemes that
ensures BLER 10% based on the measured received signal quality

BLER is Calculated using Cyclic Redundancy error Checking method

High BLER leads to loss of Peak rates & efficiency

BLER threshold should be low i.e. 10%
 Throughput

Downlink Throughput
- In E-UTRAN may use a maximum of 2 Tx antennas at the ENodeB and
2 Rx antennas at the UE ( MIMO ).

Significance - Target for averaged user throughput per MHz, 3 to 4 times

Release 6 HSDPA i.e Higher user throughput as compared to 3G ( Over
300 Mbps downlink as compared to 14 Mbps in UMTS)

- The supported user throughput should scale with the spectrum

bandwidth.
Uplink Throughput

- In E-UTRAN uses a maximum of a single Tx antenna at the UE and 2 Rx

antennas at the E Node B.

- Greater user throughput should be achievable using multiple Tx

antennas at the UE ( MIMO )
.
- Significance- Target for averaged user throughput per MHz, 2 to 3 times
Release 6 Enhanced Uplink i.e Higher user throughput as compared to 3G
(Over 50 Mbps Uplink as compared to 5.76 Mbps in UMTS)

- The user throughput should scale with the spectrum bandwidth

provided that the maximum transmit power is also scaled.
Latency
Reduced transit times for user packets (reduced latency), an order of
magnitude shorter than that can be provided in 3G networks (i.e. the
user plane -data latency will be lower than 10ms and under 100 ms for
control plane -signaling)

Significance - Low delay/latency due to fewer Nodes , Shorter TTI ,

Shorter Messages & quicker node response leads to more efficient use
of radio spectrum & Higher Capacity

Control plane deals with signaling and control functions, while user
plane deals with actual user data transmission
User Plane Latency - U-Plane latency is defined as one-way transmit time
between a packet being available at the IP layer in the UE/E-UTRAN (Evolved UMTS Terrestrial
Radio Access Network) edge node and the availability of this packet at the IP layer in the
EUTRAN/ UE node. U-Plane latency is relevant for the performance of many applications

Control Plane Latency -C-Plane latency is measured as the time required for
the UE (UserEquipment) to transit from idle state to active state. In idle state,
the UE does not have an RRCconnection. Once the RRC is setup, the UE
transitions to connected state and then to the active state when it enters the
dedicated mode
 Tracking Area Code
Tracking Area (TA)
It is the successor of location and routing areas from 2G/3G.
When a UE attached is to the network, the MME will know
the UEs position on tracking area level which is then stored
in the HSS database. In case the UE has to be paged, this will
be done in the full tracking area.
Tracking areas are identified by a Tracking Area Identity
(TAI).
TAI is constructed from the MCC, MNC, and TAC
(Tracking Area Code)
A Tracking Area (TA) includes one or several E-UTRAN
cells
 Timing Advance
The time it takes for the radio signal to travel from the UE to
the eNBs receiver across the radio interface. Thus, it is equivalent to the
distance between the UE and the cells antenna
Significance - When UE wish to establish RRC connection with eNB, it transmits a
Random Access Preamble, eNB estimates the transmission timing of the terminal based
on this. Now eNB transmits a Random Access Response which consists of timing
advance command, based on that UE adjusts the terminal transmit timing.
The timing advance is initiated from E-UTRAN with MAC message that implies and
adjustment of the timing advance.

Why timing advance??

Because the UL resources are orthogonal and this fact has to be
maintained
Different UEs in the cell may have different position and therefore
different propagation delay -> this may affect synchronization
Only UL timing advance no DL
In DL possible to manage synchronized transmission to several UEs
 TA Requirements

Timing Advance adjustment delay

The UE shall adjust the timing of its uplink transmission timing at
sub- frame n+6 for a timing advancement command received in
sub- frame n.
Timing Advance adjustment accuracy
The UE shall adjust the timing of its transmissions with a relative
accuracy better than or equal to 4* TS seconds to the signaled
timing advance value compared to the timing of preceding uplink
transmission. The timing advance command is expressed in
multiples of 16* TS and is relative to the current uplink timing.
Timing Advance
How often -> what is the frequency of Timing Advance?
Granularity of 0,52us corresponding to 78 m
Dependent on the UE speed:
1. E.g. 72 km/h = 20 m/s
-> 78 m in approx 4 s
-> an update every 4 seconds
2. E.g. 500 km/h = 130 m/s
78 m approx 2 times per second
-> Maximum of 2 updates per second
How is the Node-B measuring the TA?
Based on received PUSCH on TTI basis
CQI reports on PUCCH
How is the timing advance signaled to the UE??
At MAC layer (peer to peer signaling)
 Tx Power
The power (dBm) used by the UE to send the physical UL signal toward the
eNB( As per UE power Classes).
In LTE , The eNB is in charge of control of the UL TX power of the UE .i.e. power
control of UE.
The only measurement sent by the UE using a RRC measurement report is the UE
Tx power.
UE utilizes its Tx power as per the Power control Commands given by eNB for
better capacity & power Consumption .

Two Types of Power Control Schemes are Implemented

- Open Loop Power control
- Closed Loop Power control
Open Loop Power Control-
Open loop power control is capability of the UE transmitter to set its uplink
transmit power to a specified value suitable for receiver

Where
POL is the uplink power, set by open loop power control. The choice of
alpha depends on whether conventional or fractional power control scheme is
used. Using alpha = 1 leads to conventional open loop power control while
0 < alpha < 1 leads to fractional open loop power control
Pmax is the maximum allowed power that depends on the UE power class
M is the number of assigned resource blocks as indicated in the UL
scheduling grant
P0 is a UE specific parameter with 1 dB resolution
PL is the downlink path loss calculated in the UE from a RSRP measurement
and signaled RS transmit power
 Closed Loop power Control
Closed loop power control is capability of the UE to adjust the uplink
transmit power in accordance with the closed loop correction value also
known as transmit power control (TPC) commands. TPC commands are
transmitted, by the eNB towards the UE, based on the closed loop signal-
to-interference and noise ratio (SINR) target and measured received SINR.
In a closed-loop power control system, the uplink receiver at the eNB
estimates the SINR of the received signal, and compares it with the desired
SINR target value. When the received SINR is below the SINR target, a TPC
command is transmitted to the UE to request for an increase in the
transmitter power. Otherwise, the TPC command will request for a
decrease in transmitter power.