Data Communication

Cable Modem, ADSL, xDSL and Multi

Channel Access
Cable Modem
is a type ofnetwork bridge that provides
bi-directional data communication
viaradio frequencychannels on ahybrid
fiber-coaxial(HFC) andradio frequency
over glass(RFoG) infrastructure.
It converts an analog signal to a digital
signal for the purpose of granting access
to broadbandInternet, taking advantage
of the highbandwidthof a HFC and
RFoG network.
Cable Modem
Hybrid Fiber Coaxial(HFC) - is a
telecommunication technology in
whichoptical fibercable andcoaxial
cableare used in different portions of
anetworkto carrybroadbandcontent (such
as video,data, and voice).

Radio Frequency over Glass(RFoG) - is a

deep-fiber network design in which the coax
portion of the hybrid fiber coax (HFC)
network is replaced by a single-fiber passive
optical network (PON).
Cable Modem works
Downstreamdata -- data sent from the
Internet to an individual computer -- into a 6-
MHz channel. On the cable, the data looks just
like a TV channel. So Internet downstream
data takes up the same amount of cable
space as any single channel of programming.
Upstreamdata -- information sent from an
individual back to the Internet -- requires even
less of the cable's bandwidth, just 2 MHz,
since the assumption is that most people
download far more information than they
upload.
Difference between Modem and
Router
Modem - is a device that provides
access to the Internet

Router - is also a device that allows

multiple computers to join the
samenetwork.
Types of Cable Modem and
Speed
Advantages using Modem
Setting up cable modem service is
simple with an installation kit
provided by the ISP.
Service is found in most major cities,
and it is a high-speed connection.
Once service is installed, it is always
on and ready to use, in contrast to
dial-up.
Cable modem Internet service does
not require a phone line.
Disadvantages using
Modem
Cable Internet service is that it
costs more than DSL or a dial-up
connection.
It is available only from specific
cable TV networks in your area.
Connection speed is determined
by the quantity of people in your
neighborhood using cable
equipment simultaneously as
you.
Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)
is the generic term for services
that provide internet connection
using digital data connection
between a modem and a phone
line.

You can still experience a high speed

internet connection even when you
are making calls.
DSL vs Dial-up
Asymmetric Digital Subscriber
Line(ADSL)
is a type ofdigital subscriber line(DSL)
technology, a data communications
technology that enables faster data
transmission overcoppertelephone lines.

simultaneously accommodates analog

information(voice) on the same line.

asymmetric in ADSL actually means that the

downstream is faster than the upstream.
ADSL supports a downstream rate of 1.5 to 9
Mbps, and an upstream rate of 16 to 640 Kbps
ADSL works
ADSL works by using the
frequency spectrum above the
band used by voicetelephone
calls.With aDSL filter, often
calledsplitter, the frequency
bands are isolated, permitting a
single telephone line to be used
for both ADSL service and
telephone calls at the same time.
ADSL works

ADSl loop archetecture

How fast ADSL is:

ADSL speed FACTORS

the distance from the local exchange.
the type and thickness of the wires used.
the number and type of joins in the wire.
the proximity of the wire to the wires
carrying ADSL, ISDN and other non-voice
signals.
the proximity of the wires to radio
transmitters.
Advantages using ADSL
Can to talk on the phone while
surfing through the Internet.
Less costs
Provides connection speeds
much higher than the one made
by dial-up Internet.
Not having to establish this
connection by dialing or signaling
to the network.
Ensures dedicated bandwidth to
Disadvantages of ADSL
betterthe closer you are to the telephone
exchange in your location.

The connection is faster to download

(receive data) than to send information
(send data).

This service is not available in all locations.

Symmetric Digital Subscriber Line
(SDSL)
used to provide high-speed Internet connectivity.

maintains the same high speed in both directions

while working over the existing twisted-pair
cables that exist in all telephone equipment.

symmetricalbecause the upstream and

downstream connections have the same
bandwidth.

Note: SDSL requires only one pair of copper wires

to support a connection. These wires may reach as
long as 3 kilometers.
SDSL vs. ADSL
SDSL is not a one way fast, one way
slow connection.

UnlikeAsymmetric DSL, Symmetric

DSL uses the entire available
bandwidth of the two copper wires.

SDSL is usually more expensive than

ADSL, but less expensive than a
T1/E1 leased line.
Multi Channel Access
(MCA)
isa technique that lets multiple mobile
users share the allotted spectrum in the
most effective manner.

is carried out by permitting the available

bandwidth to be used simultaneously by
different users.

Italso permits various terminals to connect

to the same multi-point transmission
medium to transmit over it and share its
capacity.
Multi Channel Access
Examples:

bus networks
wireless networks
star networks
ring networks
half-duplex point-to-point links
Types of Multiple Channel Access
Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)
Known as Frequency Channels
Frequency band split into small frequency channels,
and different channels are assigned to different users.

Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)

Known as Time-slot Within Frequency Bands
Every user is permitted to transmit only in specific
time slots using a common frequency band.

Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)

Known as Distinct Codes
Users can transmit simultaneously using the same
frequency band but with the help of different code.