CMPD133 DISCRETE

STRUCTURE
CHAPTER 1 - Topic 1 - Set
Topic 1 - Sets
Learning Outcomes
Student should be able to identify sets and its important components.

Students should be able to apply set in daily lives.

Students should know how to use set in its operations.

 Topic 1- Set
Introduction
A collection of data or objects.
Each entity is called element or member, defined by symbol
Order is not important.
Repeated element is not important.
One way to describe set is to list all the elements, in curly brackets.

A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
B = {2, 3, 1, 4, 5}
C = {1, 2, 1, 3, 4, 5}

Thus we said, sets A and B are equal.

A = B , 1 A, 2 A
but 7 A
 Topic 1 - Sets
Example :

P = {p, Q = {p, R = {q,

q, r} q, r, s} r, s}
Work this out :

Statement True or Statement True or

False? False?
q Q, T/F q Q, T/F
rR T/F pR T/F
s P, T/F s P, T/F
pP T/F sQ T/F
 Topic 1 - Sets
Other way to describe set:
A = {x| 1 x 5}
A = {x| x is an integer from 1 to 5, both included}
A = {x| x + 1 ; 0 x < 5}

If the set has no element, it is called the empty set, denoted by {} or .

Let D = {6, 7, 8} , A and D are called then Disjoint Sets. Why? What is the
example of joined set?
Set A is called finite if it has n distinct elements, where n N (nonnegative
number).
Example : A = {x| 1 x 5}

The number of its elements, n is called the cardinality of R, denoted by |R|= 5.

A set that is not finite is called infinite.
 Topic 1 - Sets
Subsets

If every element of A is also an element of B, we say that A is a subset of B or that A is

contained in B, written as A B (some books use symbol ).

Sets that all its elements are part or overall of other set.
Example :
A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
B = {1, 3, 5}
C = {1, 2, 4, 6}

Thus, B A, but C A, B A but A B

Work this out

Is A Is B Is A Is B
Topic 1 - Sets
Power set

If A is a set, then the set of all subsets of A is called the power set of A,
denoted by P (A).

A set that contains all its subset as its element.

Example:

A = {1, 2}
P (A) = {{1}, {2}, {1, 2}, }
P |(A)| = 4
 Topic 1 - Sets
Operations on Sets

Union
Let say A and B are sets. Their union is a set consisting of all elements that
belong to A OR B and denoted by A B.
A B = {x|x A or x B}

Intersections
Let say A and B are sets. Their intersection is a set consisting of all
elements that belong to both A AND B and denoted by A B.
A B = {x|x A and x B}
 Topic 1 - Sets
Operations on Sets

Complement
Let say set U is a universal set. U A is called the complement of A, denoted by A
(some book use A)
A = { x|x A}
If A and B are two sets, the complement of B with respect to A is a set that contain
all elements that belong to A but not to B, denoted by A B.
Find A B, A C, C A, C B

Symmetric Difference
Let say A and B are two sets. Their symmetric difference is a set that contain all
elements that belong to A OR B but not to both A and B, denoted by A B.
A B = {x|(x A and x B) or (x B and x A)}
Find P R
Topic 1 - Sets
Topic 1 - Sets
Venn Diagram
Diagram that is used to show the relations between sets.
Topic 1 - Sets

Venn Diagram
Let U = {1, 2, 3, 4}
Let A = {1, 2}
Let B = {2, 3}