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Introduction To Networking
Introduction To Networking
Network services
Transmission media
Network protocol
Network services
Network services are provided by network hardware and software.
Depending on the task, this combination of hardware and software
can take on various roles
Twisted pair
Coaxial cables
Fiber optics
Line-of-sight transmission
Communication satellites
Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP)
Relies on cancellation to
reduce EMI
Advantages
Easy to install
Least expensive of all
media
Small diameter of cable
Proper termination
procedures insures
reliable connection
Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP)
Disadvantages
More prone to EMI/RFI
than any other cable
Shortest allowable length
of any other cable.
Shielded Twisted Pair (STP)
Advantages
Longer cable runs than
UTP & STP (up to 500m)
Cheaper than using fiber
for your backbone
Technology is well known
(Cable TV)
Better at reducing EMI
than UTP or STP
Coaxial Cable
Disadvantages
Thickness of cable
Copper shielding must be
grounded at both ends of
the connection
Fiber Optics
Advantages
Longer runs than any
other cable (2km)
Higher data rates than
any other cable
(>100Mbps)
NO EMI!!
Fiber Optics
Disadvantages
Very expensive!!
Difficult to install
Therefore, fiber is
used only for backbone
installations.
Microwave radio transmission
Microwave
towers
uplink downlink
Earth station
Speed : Distance :
10 megabit per 500 meter
second
Signal type :
Base Band
transmission
Speed : Distance :
10 megabit per 500 meter
second
Signal type :
Base Band
transmission
10 Base T Categories
Types: Important categories are:
Work Station
(Patch Cable)
Cross-Connect Jumpers
(Patch Cable)
Horizontal
Cable Run
3m + 90m + 6m = 99m
...or approx. 100 meters for CAT 5 UTP
Local Area Network
Patch Panel
IEEE 802.3 Layer 1
Components
Passive Components (do not add energy)
– Cabling
– Connectors
– Jacks
– Patch Panels
Active Components (adds energy)
– Repeaters, Transceivers, & Hubs
Universal UTP
Stripping Tool
Modular Plug
Crimp Tool
Diagonal
Cutters
Roll Over Cable Wiring
Scheme:
RJ-45 Jack A RJ-45 Jack B
White orange 1 Brown 8
Orange 2 White brown 7
White green 3 Green 6
Blue 4 White blue 5
White blue 5 Blue 4
Green 6 White green 3
White brown 7 Orange 2
Brown 8 White orange 1
Cross Connect (Over) Cable
Wiring Scheme:
RJ-45 Jack A RJ-45 Jack B
White orange 1 White green 3
Orange 2 Green 6
White green 3 White orange 1
Blue 4 Blue 4
White blue 5 White blue 5
Green 6 Orange 2
White brown 7 White brown 7
Brown 8 Brown 8
10Base-T Patch Panels
Patch panels are used
to conveniently group
a work area’s
connections
One side has a place
for each RJ-45 plug
The back side has
punch down blocks
that provide
connectivity
COLLISIONS
If more than one node attempts to transmit
at the same time
Packets destroyed, bit by bit
Two devices trying to occupy the same
medium (wire) at the same time
Mainframe
French
Indian
German
Network Topologies
Extended
Bus
Star
Ring
Mesh
Star
Linear Bus
All nodes directly
connected to one physical
link
Each end of the bus must
be properly terminated
Signal transmission over a bus
source
destination
Bus terminator
(when signal reaches the end of the bus,
it is absorbed by the terminator. This
prevents signal from bouncing back and
being received again by the work station
attached.
Star
All devices connected to a
central point
Center of star is usually a
hub or a switch
Used for Ethernet
technologies
Ring
No backbone
A host is directly
connected to each of its
neighbors
Used for token passing
logical topologies
Extended Star
Connects individual star
topologies together.
At the center of the star is a
hub or a switch.
Extends the length and size
of the network.
This is the topology we are
using in our lab!
Hierarchical Topology
•the physical layer defines the rules for turning those ones and zeroes into
electrical signal going out over a copper cable
NIC NIC
01001010101101010 01001010101101010
The repeater takes a electrical signal received from one segments of cable, converts
it into binary code, and then converts the binary code back into the a physical signa
on the other segments.
1. The Physical Layer
Sends and receives bits
has two responsibility : sending and receiving
data
Defines the electrical and functional
specification for activating and maintaining the
link between the system
Wires, connectors, voltages, data rates
SIGNALS, MEDIA Repeaters, hubs,
cabling
Protocol Data Units
Different layers in the OSI model have different
groupings for data
Each layer has a protocol data unit, or PDU
Transport layer deals with segments
Network layer encapsulates segments into packets
Data Link layer encapsulates packets into frames
Physical layer converts frames to bit streams
The OSI Model and
Message Passing
Encapsulation
Packaging of data for transmission
Data flows down the levels of the source and then
up the levels of the destination
5 encapsulation steps:
– Build data
– Transport layer segments data
– Network layers puts data into a packet with
header information
– Data Link layer puts packet into a frame
– Physical Layer converts frame to bits
Data Encapsulation Example
Peer-to-Peer Communication
A Bit of History
The TCP/IP Model was develop by the
Department of Defense in the late 60s’ to ensure
data communications would not be interrupted
even under the worse circumstances.
Since then, TCP/IP has become the de facto
method we use for data communications on the
Internet.
The TCP/IP reference model
the de facto Internet standard
demonstrates arbitrary nature of layers
– various models are possible
– OSI & TCP/IP are the two most important
The TCP/IP reference model
Specifications for development:
– information flows regardless of the condition of the
network
– packets get to their destination every time
– packets can travel from any point to any other point
TCP/IP resulted
– DoD project
– standard on which the Internet has grown
Layers of the TCP/IP model
Four layers:
– Application
– Transport
– Internet
– Network Access
Application
Transport
Uses the IP protocol and
is responsible for:
Internet • Path determination and
• Packet switching.
The Four Layers of TCP/IP
Application
TCP-Transmission
Transport Control Protocol
UDP-User Datagram
Protocol
Protocols For Each Layer
Application
Transport
Internet
IP-Internet Protocol
Protocols For Each Layer
Application
Transport
Internet
NIC
Install a NIC card in each.
NIC NIC
Or a fourth? What
device would they need?
NICs, Repeaters, & Hubs
A multi-port repeater!
Also called a...
NIC Hub NIC
NIC NIC
As businesses expanded their
networks, they began to
cascade hubs.
NIC NIC
NIC NIC
What’s The Problem?
Hubs share bandwidth between all attached
devices.
take all the signals they receive in through one
port and redistribute it out through all ports
Hubs are stupid, Layer 1 devices. They cannot
filter traffic.
Most LANs use a “broadcast topology,” so every
device sees every packet sent down the media.
Broadcasts
1
2
So, if Host 1 wants
ping Host 2, all hosts
see the ping. This is
what we mean by a
broadcast topology
C D E
4 5 2
3
00 45 5D 32 5E 73
00 45 5D 32 5E 74
4 00 45 5D 32 5E 75
5 00 45 5D 32 5E 76
6 00 45 5D 32 5E 77
7 00 45 5D 32 5E 78
8 00 45 5D 32 5E 79
9 00 45 5D 32 5E 81
Collision domain 2 10 00 45 5D 32 5E 82
6
7
8 Now, if Host 1 pings Host 2, only the hosts on
9 10 that LAN segment see the ping. The bridges
stop the ping.
Switch
10 Mbps
The Cloud
10 Mbps
10 Mbps 10 Mbps
1
2
Switch
For example, Host 1 pings Host 16. Since Host
What device will solve this problem?
16 is on another LAN segment, the switch will
flood the ping request out all ports.
1
Router