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Edited by DR - Liniyanti D Oswari, MNS, MSC
Edited by DR - Liniyanti D Oswari, MNS, MSC
-Albert Lehninger
(1917-1986)
Science concerned with
chemical basis of life in Human
being.
Science concerned with the
chemical constituents of living
cells and with the reaction and
process that they undergo
3
Course Overview
Carbohydrate Metabolism
Sugars, Starches, Digestion, Absorption, Energy
Lipid Metabolism
Digestion, Absorption, Transport, Mobilization
Amino Acids and Proteins
Production, Breakdown, Conversion
Nucleic Acids, DNA and RNA
Production, Breakdown
Medical Genetics
Metabolism:
Pyruvate
Acetyl CoA
Short-term Regulators
Last for minutes to hours
Make us want to start eating and stop eating
Long-term Regulators
Work over periods of weeks to years
Regulate our caloric intake & energy spent and amount of
adipose tissue
Short-Term Regulators
Ghrelin
Secreted from parietal cells when stomach empty & stops within
an hour of eating
Produces sensation of hunger & starts up eating
Causes hypothalamus to release GHRH ( hGH)
Peptide YY
Secreted by ileum & colon in response to food in the stomach, in
proportion to calories consumed
Signals satiety & stops eating
Cholecystokinin
Secreted by duodenum & jejunum
Produces appetite-suppressing effect via Vagus N.
Long-Term Regulators
Leptin
Secreted by adipocytes in proportion to amount of stored fat
Primary way brain knows how much body fat is stored
Obesity is related to receptor unresponsiveness
Insulin
Secreted by beta cells in pancreas
Stimulates glucose & amino acid uptake
Promotes glycogen & fat synthesis
Additional way brain knows how much body fat is stored (effect
weaker than leptin)
Digestion is the first step of catabolism
Carbohydrates glucose, fructose,
galactose
Lipids glycerol
fatty acids
15
Substances that connect metabolic pathways
In reduction, coenzymes accept H atoms
In oxidation, coenzymes remove H atoms
FAD (flavin adenine dinucleotide)
FAD + -CH2-CH2- FADH2 + -CH=CH-
16
Metabolism.
19
Biochemistry
Nucleic acid Protein lipid Carbohydrates
Medicine
20
Let us take
the case of
the
glycolytic
pathway,
which has
several
enzyme-
catalysed
steps:
From Stryer
As can be seen, some reactions of glycolysis require
an input of energy, whereas others release it.
Thus by coupling unfavorable reactions to
reactions that can go spontaneously, desired
biomolecules can be synthesised without flouting
the laws of thermodynamics.
Since many of the effective units of
metabolism are the metabolic pathways, how
are they controlled?
k-1 k2
k-1+ k2
E + S ES E + P
KM =
k1
k1
Aerobic respiration
Aerobic metabolic pathways (using oxygen) are
used by most eukaryotic cells
Fermentation
Anaerobic metabolic pathways (occur in the
absence of oxygen) are used by prokaryotes and
protists in anaerobic habitats
Aerobic respiration and fermentation both
begin with glycolysis, which converts one
molecule of glucose into two molecules of
pyruvate
Glycolysis: 2 ATP
Lactate fermentation
Pyruvate receives electrons and hydrogen from
NADH, forming NAD+ and lactate
Fermentation gives rise to doughs by CO2 release.
p 1023
Pyruvic acid could be
converted back into
glucose by cells in the
kidney or liver
This is an example of
gluconeogenesis, which
is making glucose from a
non-carbohydrate
source
p 1023
The amino group is
transferred to ketoglutaric
acid, making glutamic acid,
that travels to the liver & is
converted back to
ketoglutaric acid
p 1023
Absorptive State = 4 hours during & after a meal
Nutrients are being absorbed & then immediately used or stored
p 1025
Biochemical research has
impact on nutrition and
preventive medicine
(2)Chemical agents:
drugs, certain toxic compounds,
therapeutic drugs
55
(3)Biologic agents:
Viruses, Bacteria,Fungi,
Higher forms of parasites
(4)Oxygen lack :
loss of blood supply, depletion of the
oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood,
poisoning of the oxidative enzyme
(5) Genetic disorders:
Congenital , molecular
56
(6) Immunology reaction:Anaphylaxis,
Autoimmune disease
57
Biochemical studies contribute to
diagnosis, prognosis & treatment
Disease Causes
Scurvy deficiencies of vitamin C
Rickets deficiencies of vitamin D
59
Many biochemical studies illuminate
disease mechanisms & disease inspire
biochemical research
Use example
1.To act as screening use of measurement of blood
tests for the early tyrosine or TSH in the
diagnosis of certain diseases neonatal diagnosis of
congenital hypothyroidism
60
Use example
2.to reveal the fundamental demonstration of the genetic
causes &mechanisms defects in Cystic Fibrosis.
of diseases
61
Use example
5. the progress of certain ALT in monitoring the
disease progress of infectious
hepatitis
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