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Quantum Theory and The Electronic Structure of Atoms
Quantum Theory and The Electronic Structure of Atoms
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Properties of Waves
Electromagnetic
radiation is the emission
and transmission of energy
in the form of
electromagnetic waves.
l
lxn=c
l = c/n n
l = 3.00 x 108 m/s / 6.0 x 104 Hz
l = 5.0 x 103 m
l = 5.0 x 1012 nm
Radio wave
7.1
Mystery #1, Black Body Problem
Solved by Planck in 1900
E=hxn
Plancks constant (h)
h = 6.63 x 10-34 Js
7.1
Mystery #2, Photoelectric Effect
hn
Solved by Einstein in 1905
hn = KE + BE
KE = hn - BE
7.2
When copper is bombarded with high-energy electrons,
X rays are emitted. Calculate the energy (in joules)
associated with the photons if the wavelength of the X
rays is 0.154 nm.
E=hxn
E=hxc/l
E = 6.63 x 10-34 (Js) x 3.00 x 10 8 (m/s) / 0.154 x 10-9 (m)
E = 1.29 x 10 -15 J
7.2
Line Emission Spectrum of Hydrogen Atoms
7.3
7.3
Bohrs Model of
the Atom (1913)
1. e- can only have specific
(quantized) energy
values
2. light is emitted as e-
moves from one energy
level to a lower energy
level
1
En = -RH ( )
n2
E = hn
7.3
Ephoton = DE = Ef - Ei
ni = 3 ni = 3
1
Ef = -RH ( 2 )
nf
ni = 2
1
nf = 2 Ei = -RH ( 2 )
ni
1 1
DE = RH( 2 )
ni n2f
nnf f==11
7.3
Calculate the wavelength (in nm) of a photon
emitted by a hydrogen atom when its electron
drops from the n = 5 state to the n = 3 state.
1 1
Ephoton = DE = RH( )
n2i n2f
Ephoton = 2.18 x 10-18 J x (1/25 - 1/9)
Ephoton = DE = -1.55 x 10-19 J
Ephoton = h x c / l
l = h x c / Ephoton
l = 6.63 x 10-34 (Js) x 3.00 x 108 (m/s)/1.55 x 10-19J
l = 1280 nm
7.3
Why is e- energy quantized?
u = velocity of e-
m = mass of e-
7.4
What is the de Broglie wavelength (in nm)
associated with a 2.5 g Ping-Pong ball
traveling at 15.6 m/s?
l = h/mu h in Js m in kg u in (m/s)
l = 6.63 x 10-34 / (2.5 x 10-3 x 15.6)
l = 1.7 x 10-32 m = 1.7 x 10-23 nm
7.4
Chemistry in Action: Laser The Splendid Light
le = 0.004 nm
STM image of iron atoms
on copper surface
Schrodinger Wave Equation
In 1926 Schrodinger wrote an equation that
described both the particle and wave nature of the e-
Wave function (Y) describes:
1. energy of e- with a given Y
2. probability of finding e- in a volume of space
Schrodingers equation can only be solved exactly
for the hydrogen atom. Must approximate its
solution for multi-electron systems.
7.5
Schrodinger Wave Equation
Y = fn(n, l, ml, ms)
n = 1, 2, 3, 4, .
7.6
Where 90% of the
e- density is found
for the 1s orbital
7.6
Schrodinger Wave Equation
Y = fn(n, l, ml, ms)
angular momentum quantum number l
for a given value of n, l = 0, 1, 2, 3, n-1
l=0 s orbital
n = 1, l = 0
l=1 p orbital
n = 2, l = 0 or 1
l=2 d orbital
n = 3, l = 0, 1, or 2
l=3 f orbital
Shape of the volume of space that the e- occupies
7.6
l = 0 (s orbitals)
l = 1 (p orbitals)
7.6
l = 2 (d orbitals)
7.6
Schrodinger Wave Equation
ms = + ms = -
7.6
Schrodinger Wave Equation
Y = fn(n, l, ml, ms)
Existence (and energy) of electron in atom is described
by its unique wave function Y.
Pauli exclusion principle - no two electrons in an atom
can have the same four quantum numbers.
7.6
7.6
Schrodinger Wave Equation
Y = fn(n, l, ml, ms)
l=2 7.6
Energy of orbitals in a single electron atom
Energy only depends on principal quantum number n
n=3
n=2
1
En = -RH ( )
n2
n=1
7.7
Energy of orbitals in a multi-electron atom
Energy depends on n and l
n=3 l = 2
n=3 l = 1
n=3 l = 0
n=2 l = 1
n=2 l = 0
n=1 l = 0
7.7
Fill up electrons in lowest energy orbitals (Aufbau principle)
??
Be
Li
B5
C 3
64electrons
electrons
BBe 22s
Li1s1s
1s 222s
22p
2s 12 1
H
He12electron
electrons
He 1s12
H 1s
7.9
Outermost subshell being filled with electrons
7.8
The most stable arrangement of electrons
in subshells is the one with the greatest
number of parallel spins (Hunds rule).
Ne97
C
N
O
F 6
810
electrons
electrons
electrons
Ne
C
N
O
F 1s 1s222s
22s222p
22p5
246
3
7.7
Order of orbitals (filling) in multi-electron atom
1s < 2s < 2p < 3s < 3p < 4s < 3d < 4p < 5s < 4d < 5p < 6s
7.7
Electron configuration is how the electrons are
distributed among the various atomic orbitals in an
atom.
number of electrons
in the orbital or subshell
1s1
principal quantum angular momentum
number n quantum number l
Orbital diagram
H
1s1
7.8
What is the electron configuration of Mg?
Mg 12 electrons
1s < 2s < 2p < 3s < 3p < 4s
1s22s22p63s2 2 + 2 + 6 + 2 = 12 electrons
Abbreviated as [Ne]3s2 [Ne] 1s22s22p6
2) (Aufbau principle)
2.1) O, _
-
1
(paired electron)
(single electron)
2.2)
1.1
3) (Hunds rule)
(degenerate orbital)
Paramagnetic Diamagnetic
unpaired electrons all electrons paired
2p 2p
7.8
Chemistry Mystery: Discovery of Helium