Power expression for a cylindrical rotor synchronous generator

Let V = terminal voltage per phase

E = excitation voltage per phase
Ia = armature current
= phase angle between E and V

Network Equation E V
E = V + IaZs Ia
Zs
Phasor diagram for lagging power factor

For a synchronous generator, E leads V by an angle for all power factors.

The synchronous impedance, Zs = Ra + jXs = Zsz

z
Zs
Xs

z
Ra

From impedance triangle

Xs Ra
z tan 1 z 90 z tan
0 1

Ra Xs
 Complex Power Output of the generator per phase, Sog

S og Pog jQ og VIa
*

* *
EV 0 E V0
0

S og V V0
Zs Z s z
*
E( z ) V z
S og V0
0

Zs Zs
VE( z ) V 2 z
S og
Zs Zs
V2
Pog jQog
VE
cos( z ) j
VE
sin( z ) cos z j sin z
ZS ZS Zs
Real Power Output of the generator per phase, Pog

VE V2
Pog cos( z ) cos z
ZS Zs z
Ra Zs
cos z
Zs
z
VE V2 Ra
Pog cos( z ) 2 Ra
ZS Zs
But z 90 z
2
VE V
Pog cos(90 z ) 2 Ra
ZS Zs
VE V2
or Pog sin( z ) 2 Ra
ZS Zs
Reactive Power Output of the generator per phase, Qog

VE V2
Q og sin( z ) sin z
ZS Zs
z
Xs
sin z Zs
Zs
VE V2
z
Q og sin( z ) 2 X s Ra
ZS Zs
But z 90 z
VE V2
Q og sin( 90 z ) 2 X s
ZS Zs
VE V2
or Q og cos( z ) 2 X s
ZS Zs
Complex Power Input to the generator per phase, Sig

Sig Pig jQ ig EIa

*

* *
EV E V0 0

Sig E E
Zs Z s z
*
E( z ) V z
Sig E
Zs Zs
E 2 z VE( z )
Sig
Zs Zs
E2 E2
Pig jQig cos z j sin z
VE
cos( z ) j sin z
Zs ZS Zs
Real Power Input to the generator per phase, Pig

E2
cos z
VE
Pig cos z
ZS Zs z
Ra Zs
cos z
Zs
z
E2
cos z
VE Ra
Pig 2 Ra
ZS Zs
But z 90 z
2
E VE
Pig 2 Ra cos(90 z )
ZS Zs
E2 VE
or Pig 2 Ra sin( z )
ZS Zs
Reactive Power Input to the generator per phase, Qig

E2 VE
Q ig sin z sin( z )
ZS Zs
Xs
sin z
Zs
E2 VE
Q ig 2 X s sin( z )
ZS Zs
But z 90 z
sin( z ) sin( 90 z ) cos( z )
E2 VE
Q ig 2 X s cos( z )
ZS Zs
Mechanical input to the generator Pig rotational losses
Maximum Power Output of the generator per phase Pog(max)

Differentiating Pog w.r.t. and equating it to zero

d Pog d VE V 2

0 sin( z ) 2 Ra 0
d d Z S Zs
VE
cos( z ) 0
ZS
cos( z ) 0
z cos (0) 901 0

90 z z
0

Thus for maximum Power Output of the generator per phase Pog(max)
load angle = impedance angle z
Thus for maximum Power Output of the generator per phase Pog(max)

load angle = impedance angle z

Substituting for in Pog

2
VE V
Pog max sin( z z ) 2 Ra
ZS Zs
But z z 90 0