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5B Chapter5 Sec.5.4 5.8 Color
5B Chapter5 Sec.5.4 5.8 Color
Chapter 5
Sections 5.4 through 5.8
Plane Wall
Solution to the Heat Equation for a Plane Wall with
Symmetrical Convection Conditions
If the lumped capacitance approximation cannot be made, consideration must
be given to spatial, as well as temporal, variations in temperature during the
transient process.
For a plane wall with symmetrical convection
conditions and constant properties, the heat
equation and initial/boundary conditions are:
2T 1 T
x2 t (5.29)
T x,0 T i (5.30)
T
0 (5.31)
x x 0
T
k h T L, t T (5.32)
x xL
See Appendix B.3 for first four roots (eigenvalues 1,..., 4 ) of Eq. (5.42c).
Plane Wall (cont.)
o
*
To T
C 1 exp 12 Fo (5.44)
T i T
Table 5.1 C 1 and 1 as a function of Bi
Variation of temperature with location (x*) and time Fo :
* o* cos 1x * (5.43b)
sin 1 *
Q Q o 1 o (5.49)
1
Q o cV T i T (5.47)
Can the foregoing results be used for a plane wall that is well insulated on one
side and convectively heated or cooled on the other?
Can the foregoing results be used if an isothermal condition T s T i is
instantaneously imposed on both surfaces of a plane wall or on one surface of
a wall whose other surface is well insulated?
Heisler Charts
Temperature Distribution:
Radial Systems
Long Rods or Spheres Heated or Cooled by Convection.
Bi hr o / k
Fo t / r o2
One-Term Approximations:
Long Rod: Eqs. (5.52) and (5.54)
Sphere: Eqs. (5.53) and (5.55)
C 1, 1 Table 5.1
Graphical Representations:
Long Rod: Figs. 5 S.4 5 S.6
Sphere: Figs. 5 S.7 5 S.9
Semi-Infinite Solid
The Semi-Infinite Solid
A solid that is initially of uniform temperature Ti and is assumed to extend
to infinity from a surface at which thermal conditions are altered.
Special Cases:
Case 1: Change in Surface Temperature (Ts)
T 0, t T s T x,0 T i
T x, t T s x
erf
Ti Ts 2 t (5.60)
k T s T i
qs
t (5.61)
Semi-Infinite Solid (cont.)
2qo t /
1
x2 2
T x, t T i exp
k 4 t
q x x
o erfc
k 2 t (5.62)
T x, t T i x
erfc
T Ti 2 t
hx h 2 t x h t
exp erfc
k k 2
2 t k (5.63)
Multidimensional Effects
Multidimensional Effects
Solutions for multidimensional transient conduction can often be expressed
as a product of related one-dimensional solutions for a plane wall, P(x,t),
an infinite cylinder, C(r,t), and/or a semi-infinite solid, S(x,t). See Equations
(5 S.1) to (5 S.3) and Fig. 5 S.11.
T r , x, t T
P x, t C r , t
Ti T
T x, t T T r,t T
Ti T Plane Ti T Infinite
Wall Cylinder
Objects with Constant Ts or qs
qs L c
q*
k T s T i (5.67)
Constant Ts Constant qs
Why do all objects behave the same as a semi-infinite solid for short times?
Objects with Constant Ts or qs (cont.)
1
1 1
q* for Fo 0.2 or q* 2 Fo for Fo 0.2
2 Fo 8 4
qs L c
It is then a simple matter to find Ts from the definition, q*
k T s T i
Problem: Thermal Energy Storage
FIND: Time required for sphere to acquire 90% of maximum possible thermal
energy and the corresponding center and surface temperatures.
SCHEMATIC:
With Bi hro/k = 2.01, 1 2.03 and C1 1.48 from Table 5.1. Hence,
0.1 2.03
3
0.837
o 0.155
3 0.896 2.03 0.443 5.386
Problem: Thermal Energy Storage (cont.)
t
0.0375m ln 0.155 / 1.48
2
1,020 s
7 2
<
7.54 10 m /s 2.03
2
To Tg ,i 0.155 Ti Tg ,i 300C 42.7C 257.3C
<
The surface temperature at the time of interest may be obtained from Eq. (5.53b)
with r 1,
o sin 1 0.155 0.896
Ts Tg ,i Ti Tg ,i 300C 275C 280.9C <
1 2.03
Problem: 5.93: Use of radiation heat transfer from high intensity lamps
qs 10 4 W/m 2 for a prescribed duration (t=30 min) to assess
ability of firewall to meet safety standards corresponding to
maximum allowable temperatures at the heated (front) and
unheated (back) surfaces.
SCHEMATIC:
x L = 0.25 m
Concrete, Ti = 25oC
= 2300 kg/m3
qs = 104 W/m2
c = 880 J/kg-K
k = 1.4 W/m-K
s = 1.0
Tmax = 325oC Tmax = 25oC
Problem: Thermal Response of Firewall (cont.)
2 qo t / x 2 qo x
1/2
x
T x, t Ti exp erfc
k 4 t k 2 t
7
where, k / c p 6.92 10 m /s and for
2
SCHEMATIC:
Beef, 1kg
Ti = -20C
Packaging material, q
ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Beef has properties of ice, (2) Radiation and convection
to environment are neglected, (3) Constant properties, (4) Packaging material has
negligible heat capacity.
Problem: Microwave Heating (cont.)
PROPERTIES: Table A.3, Ice ( 273 K): = 920 kg/m3, c = 2040 J/kgK, k = 1.88 W/mK.
ANALYSIS: Neglecting radiation and convection losses, all the power absorbed in the
packaging material conducts into the beef. The surface heat flux is
q 0.5P
qs = =
As 4R 2
The radius of the sphere can be found from knowledge of the mass and density:
4
m = rV = ro3
3
1/3 1/3
3 m 3 1 kg
ro = = = 0.0638 m
4 4 920 kg/m3
Thus
0.5(1000W)
qs 9780 W/m2
4 0.0638 m
2
The beef can be seen as the interior of a sphere with a constant heat flux at its surface, thus
the relationship in Table 5.2b, Interior Cases, sphere, can be used. We begin by calculating q* for Ts=0C.
qsro 9780 W/m2 0.0638 m
q* 16.6
k Ts Ti 1.88 W/m K 0 C - -20 C
Problem: Microwave Heating (cont.)
1
q* -
2 Fo 4
-2
Fo = 2(q* + ) = 0.0026
4
Since this is less than 0.2, our assumption was correct. Finally we can solve
for the time:
t = Fo ro2 / = Fo ro2 c / k
= (0.0026 (0.0638 m)2 920 kg/m3 2040 J/kg K)/(1.88 W/m K)
= 10.6 s <
COMMENTS: At the minimum surface temperature of -20C, with T = 30C and h = 15 W/m2K
from Problem 5.33, the convection heat flux is 750 W/m2, which is less than 8% of the microwave
heat flux. The radiation heat flux would likely be less, depending on the temperature of the oven walls.