Chng 1.

TNG QUAN V X L NH

NHB Faculty of IT BnT College 1

 1.1 Khi nim v x l nh
Qu trnh x l nh c xem nh l qu trnh thao
tc nh u vo nhm cho ra kt qu mong mun.
Kt qu u ra ca mt qu trnh x l nh c th l
mt nh tt hn hoc mt kt lun.

(1) Cc bc x l nh: gm 3 bc chnh

 1.1 Khi nim v x l nh
(i) Qu trnh thu nhn nh.
nh c th thu nhn qua camera. Thng nh thu
nhn qua camera l tn hiu tng t nhng cng c
th l tn hiu s ho.
nh cng c th thu nhn t v tinh qua cc b cm
ng (sensor), hay qua my qut.
(ii) Qu trnh s ho
bin i tn hiu tng t sang tn hiu ri rc v
s ho bng lng ho, trc khi chuyn sang giai
on x l, phn tch hay lu tr.
 1.1 Khi nim v x l nh
(iii) Qu trnh phn tch nh
Pht hin cc c tnh nh bin, phn vng nh,
trch chn cc c tnh,...
 (2) Ly mu v lng ha
Yu cu c bn nht trong x l nh bng my tnh l a nh
v dng biu din s thch hp, ngha l nh phi c biu
din bi mt ma trn hu hn, tng ng vi vic ly mu
nh trn mt li ri rc v mi pixel c lng ho bi mt
s hu hn bit.
Cc h thng thu nhn nh thc hin 2 qu trnh:
Bin i nng lng quang hc thnh nng lng in
(giai on ly mu)
Tng hp nng lng in thnh nh (giai on lng ha)
(i) Ly mu
Ngi ta s dng b cm bin hoc my qut
bin tn hiu quang ca nh thnh tn hiu in
lin tc. My qut s qut theo chiu ngang to
ra tn hiu in ca nh, kt qu cho ra mt tn
hiu in hai chiu f(x,y) lin tc.
Phng php chung ly mu l qut nh theo
hng v m ho tng hng.
(ii) Lng ha
nh sau khi ly mu s c dng f(m,n) vi m, n l
nguyn nhng gi tr f(m,n) vn l gi tr vt l
lin tc.
Qu trnh bin i gi tr f(m,n) thnh mt s
nguyn thch hp lu tr gi l lng ho.
L qu trnh nh x mt bin lin tc u vo bin
ri rc u* thuc tp hu hn [u1, u2,..uL] xc nh
trc, vi L l mc lng ho c to ra.
To nh a cp xm th L=256, f(m,n) = g [0, 255]
To nh 224 mu th L=224, f(m, n) = g [0, 224 - 1]
nh x ny thng l mt hm bc thang tun theo
nguyn tc:
Cho {tk, k = 1, 2, . . . L+1} l mt tp cc bc
dch chuyn hay mc quyt nh; t1 l gi tr nh
nht v tL+1 l gi tr ln nht ca u.
Cch n gin nht l dng lng ho u. Theo
phng php ny, gi s u ra ca mt b cm bin
nh nhn gi tr t 0 n 10. Nu mu l lng ho
u trn 256 mc, th bc dch chuyn tk s l:
 1.1 Khi nim v x l nh
(3) Phn t nh Pixel (Picture Element)
nh trong thc t l mt thng tin lin tc v
khng gian v v gi tr sng. c th x l
nh bng my tnh cn thit phi tin hnh s ho
nh (bin i tn hiu lin tc sang tn hiu ri
rc).
nh c th xem l tp hp cc im nh
(Picture element Pixel) v mi im nh
c xem nh l c trng cng sng hay
mt du hiu no ti mt v tr no ca i
tng trong khng gian.
 1.1 Khi nim v x l nh
Nh vy, mt nh l mt tp hp cc im nh. Khi
c s ho, n thng c biu din bi bng hai
chiu I(n,p) (n dng v p ct).
Ta ni nh gm n x p pixels. Ngi ta thng k hiu
I(x,y) ch mt pixel. Mt pixel c th c lu tr
bi 1, 4, 8, hay 24 bit.

Pixel
 1.2 Cc vn c bn trong x l nh
(1) Tng cng nh
Do nhng nguyn nhn khc nhau: c th do cht lng thit
b thu nhn nh, do ngun sng hay do nhiu, nh c th b
suy bin. Do vy cn phi tng cng lm ni bt mt s
c tnh chnh ca nh
Tng cng nh l bc quan trng, to tin cho x l
nh. N gm mt lot cc k thut nh: lc tng phn,
kh nhiu, ni mu, nn chnh bin dng
(2) Khi phc nh
Nhm loi b cc suy gim trong nh.
Lm cho nh gn ging nht vi trng thi gc.
 1.2 Cc vn c bn trong x l nh
(3) Phn tch nh
L khu quan trng trong qu trnh x l nh
tin ti hiu nh. Trong phn tch nh vic trch
chn c im l mt bc quan trng. Cc c
im ca i tng c trch chn tu theo mc
ch nhn dng trong qu trnh x l nh.
c im khng gian: Phn b mc xm, phn b
xc sut, bin , im un...
c im bin i: Cc c im loi ny c
trch chn bng vic thc hin lc vng (zonal
filtering).
 1.2 Cc vn c bn trong x l nh
c im bin v ng bin: c trng cho
ng bin ca i tng v do vy rt hu ch
trong vic trch trn cc thuc tnh bt bin c
dng khi nhn dng i tng.
(4) Nhn dng nh
L qu trnh lin quan n cc m t i tng m
ngi ta mun c t n. Qu trnh nhn dng
thng i sau qu trnh trch chn cc c tnh ch
yu ca i tng.
Nhn dng nh vn tay, nhn dng ch (ch ci,
ch s, ch c du, ch vit tay).
 1.2 Cc vn c bn trong x l nh
(5) Nn nh
Nhm gim thiu khng gian lu tr. Thng
c tin hnh theo c hai cch khuynh hng l
nn c bo ton v khng bo ton thng tin.
Nn khng bo ton th thng c kh nng nn
cao hn nhng kh nng phc hi th km hn.
Hin nay trn th gii c trn 50 khun dng nh
thng dng, bao gm c cc k thut nn c kh
nng phc hi d liu 100% v nn c kh nng
phc hi vi sai s cho php.
C 4 cch tip cn c bn trong nn nh.
 1.2 Cc vn c bn trong x l nh
Nn nh thng k: K thut nn ny da vo vic
thng k tn xut xut hin ca gi tr cc im
nh, trn c s m c chin lc m ha thch
hp. Mt v d in hnh cho k thut m ha ny
l *.TIF
Nn nh khng gian: K thut ny da vo v tr
khng gian ca cc im nh tin hnh m ha.
K thut li dng s ging nhau ca cc im nh
trong cc vng gn nhau. V d cho k thut ny
l m nn *.PCX
 1.2 Cc vn c bn trong x l nh
Nn nh s dng php bin i: y l k thut
tip cn theo hng nn khng bo ton v do
vy, k thut nn thng hiu qu hn, nh *.JPG
Nn nh Fractal: S dng tnh cht hnh hc
Fractal ca cc i tng nh, th hin s lp li
ca cc chi tit. K thut nn s tnh ton ch
cn lu tr phn gc nh v quy lut sinh ra nh
theo nguyn l Fractal.
 1.3 Biu din nh
M hnh Raster
y l cch biu din nh thng dng nht hin
nay, nh c biu din di dng ma trn cc
im nh. Thng thu nhn qua cc thit b nh
camera, scanner. Tu theo yu cu thc th m
mi im nh c biu din qua 1 hay nhiu bit.
M hnh Raster thun li cho hin th v in n.
Ngy nay cng ngh phn cng cung cp nhng
thit b thu nhn nh Raster vi tc nhanh v
cht lng cao cho c u vo v u ra.
 1.3 Biu din nh
Mt thun li cho vic hin th trong mi trng
Windows l Microsoft a ra khun dng nh DIB
(Device Independent Bitmap) lm trung gian
 1.3 Biu din nh
M hnh Vector
Biu din nh ngoi mc ch tit kim khng
gian lu tr d dng cho hin th v in n cn m
bo d dng trong la chn, sao chp, di chuyn,
tm kim Theo nhng yu cu ny k thut biu
din vector t ra u vit hn.
Trong m hnh vector ngi ta s dng hng
gia cc vector ca im nh ln cn m ho v
ti to hnh nh ban u. nh vector c thu
nhn trc tip t cc thit b s ho nh Digital
hoc c chuyn i t nh Raster thng qua cc
chng trnh s ho.
 1.3 Biu din nh
Cng ngh phn cng cung cp nhng thit b x
l vi tc nhanh v cht lng cho c u vo
v ra nhng li ch h tr cho nh Raster.
Do vy, cn chuyn i qua li gia 2 loi nh
khai thc u im ca chng.
 1.3 Biu din nh
Sau bc s ho, nh s c lu tr hay chuyn
sang giai on phn tch.
Nu lu tr trc tip nh th theo kiu bn nh,
dung lng s kh ln, tn km m nhiu khi khng
hiu qu theo quan im ng dng.
Thng ngi ta khng biu din ton b nh th m
tp trung c t cc c trng ca nh nh: bin nh
(Boundary) hay cc vng nh (Region).
C th biu din nh bng 3 loi m sau y.
 1.3 Biu din nh
(1) M lot di (Run - Length Code)
Phng php ny hay dng biu din cho vng nh.
Mt vng nh R c th biu din n gin nh mt
ma trn nh phn:
u(m,n) = 1 nu (m,n) R
0 nu (m,n) R
Vi cch biu din trn, mt vng nh c xem nh
gm cc chui 0 hay 1 an xen. Cc chui ny gi l
mt mch (run).
 1.3 Biu din nh
Theo phng php ny, mi mch s c biu din
bi a ch bt u ca mch v chiu di mch theo
dng (<hng, ct>, chiu di).
 1.3 Biu din nh
(2) M xch (Chaine Code)
M xch thng c dng biu din bin ca nh. Thay v
lu tr ton b nh, ngi ta lu tr dy cc im nh nh A,
B,..., M.
Theo phng php ny, 8 hng ca vct ni 2 im bin
lin tc c m ho. Khi nh c biu din qua im
nh bt u cng vi chui cc t m.
 1.3 Biu din nh
(3) M t phn (Quad Tree Code)
Mt vng ca nh coi nh bao kn bi mt mt hnh ch nht.
Vng ny c chia lm 4 vng con (quadrant).
Nu mt vng con gm ton im en (1) hay ton im
trng (0) th khng cn chia tip. Ngc li, vng con gm c
en v trng gi l vng xm li tip tc c chia lm 4
vng con tip. Qu trnh chia dng li khi khng th chia tip
c na, c ngha l vng con ch cha thun nht im en
hay trng.
Nh vy, cy biu din gm mt chui cc k hiu b(black),
w (white) v g(grey) km theo k hiu m ho 4 vng con.
 1.4 Cc h mu
to ra cc nh en trng, n gin ch cn lu
thng tin ca mi pixel bng 1 bit (cc gi tr 0, 1 s
tng trng cho vic tt (ti), bt (sng) pixel trn
mn hnh).
Trong trng hp nh nhiu mu, ngi ta cn nhiu
bit hn, nu thng tin ca mi pixel c lu bng b
bit, th ta c th c 2b gi tr mu phn bit cho pixel
.
 1.4 Cc h mu
Gray level: Mc xm
Mc xm l kt qu s m ho tng ng mt cng
sng ca mi im nh vi mt gi tr s, l kt qu
ca qu trnh lng ho.
Cch m ho kinh in thng dng 16, 32 hay 64
mc. M ho 256 mc l ph dng nht do l do k
thut. V 28 = 256, nn vi 256 mc, mi pixel s c
m ho bi 8 bit.
C th khc phc tnh khng ng u ca h thng
bng cch tng hoc gim mc xm.
 1.4 Cc h mu
(1) M hnh mu RGB (Red, Green, Blue)
Mu R, xanh l cy G, xanh da tri B.
Mi mu trong khng gian RGB u c biu
din nh l mt vector thng qua ba vector c s
l Red, Green, Blue. Do , ng vi cc t hp
khc nhau ca ba mu ny s cho ta mt mu mi.
Gi tr xm nm trn ng cho ni cc nh en
(0,0,0) v trng (1,1,1) ca hnh lp phng.
1.4 Cc h mu
 1.4 Cc h mu
Khng gian RGB l chun cng nghip cho cc
thao tc ha my tnh. Cc thao tc mu sc c
th c tnh ton trn cc khng gian mu khc
nhng cui cng cn phi chuyn v khng gian
RGB c th hin th trn mn hnh (do thit k
ca phn cng da trn m hnh RGB).
Cc thao tc tnh ton trn khng gian RGB
thng n gin hn.
 1.4 Cc h mu
Khng gian RGB khng hon ton ph hp vi s
cm nhn mu sc ca con ngi. Hai im phn bit
trong khng gian RGB, vi mt ngi nhiu khi
khng th nhn c l hai mu khc nhau.
Cc gi tr RGB ca mt mu l khc nhau i vi
cc mn hnh khc nhau ngha l cc gi tr RGB ca
mu trn mn hnh mu ny s khng sinh ra ng
mu trn mt mn hnh khc.
 1.4 Cc h mu
(2) M hnh mu HSL
Khng gian ny c ch trng hn khng gian
RGB n cc thnh phn ca s cm nhn mu
sc ca mt (Hue, Saturation, Lightness).
Tuy nhin, khng gian HSL thc ra cng ch l
mt php bin i gn ng ca khng gian RGB
nn khng ging nh cc khng gian mu khc
xy dng trn s cm nhn mu sc ca mt,
khng gian HSL vn cn b l thuc vo phn
cng ca mn hnh.
Khng gian HSL c biu din trong h ta
tr, hnh minh ha l hai hnh nn p vo nhau.
1.4 Cc h mu
 1.4 Cc h mu
Khng gian HSL gn vi s cm nhn cc thuc tnh
mu sc ca con ngi hn khng gian RGB. Cc
mu c xc nh d dng hn chng hn do H
quay quanh trc ng nn cc mu b c xc nh
mt cch d dng, i vi cc gi tr Lightness cng
vy.
Vic kim sot cc mu c s HSL d hn cho
nhng ngi mi lm quen vi cc chng trnh
ha.
Tuy nhin cc thao tc lng gic khi bin i s nh
hng ng k n tc ca chng trnh.
 1.4 Cc h mu
(3) M hnh mu HSV (Hue, Saturation, Value)
M hnh mu RGB c nh hng cho phn
cng, cn m hnh mu HSV c nh hng
ngi s dng da trn c s nn tng v trc gic
v tng mu, sc v sc thi m thut.
H thng ta c dng hnh tr v tp mu thnh
phn ca khng gian bn trong m hnh mu c
xc nh l hnh nn hoc hnh chp su cnh.
H (Hue) l gc quay quanh trc V (Values), S
(Saturation) i t 0 n 1, trc V do vy tng
ng vi ng cho ni nh White v Black.
1.4 Cc h mu
 1.4 Cc h mu
Sc mu (Hue) c o bi gc quanh trc ng vi mu
Red l 0o, mu Green l 120o, mu Blue l 240o.
Cc mu b sung trong hnh chp HSV 180o i din vi
mu khc. Gi tr ca S l mt tp cc gi tr i t 0 trn
ng trc tm V n 1 trn cc mt bn ti nh ca hnh
chp su cnh. Cc mu t bo ha khi S=1 v V=1.
Khng gian HSV d dng p ng cc mu sc ca cc
chng trnh ha do c xy dng da trn lut trn
mu ca ha s. V d, khi cn thm mu trng vo, phi
t V = S = 1 sau gim S t t cho ti khi t c mu
va ; hay khi cn thm mu en vo, iu c ngha l
gim V (cng sng) v c nh S.