National Institute of Social Development

DCP 113

Human growth and Development

udkj jOkh yd ixjOkh
udkj ixjOkh ms<sn|
ufkdaoHd;aul kHdhka
 udkj ixjOkh ms<sn| ufkdaoHd;aul kHdhka

is.auka fm%dhs ufkda ,sx.sl ixjOk

wjka
cska mshdfca m%cdkk jOk kHdh
,s f.dials iudc ixjOk kHdh
fcdaka fnd,a nkaOk kHdh
f,darkai fld,an.a iodpdr ixjOk kHdh
trsla trslaika ufkda iudcSh ijOk wj
hqrS fn%dkaf*kafn%k cSj mrsir oHd;aul
kHdh
't*a ialsk yd phdjdoSka m%fndaOl m%;spdr
nkaOkHdh
wdfkda,a f.i,a mrsK;jdoS kHdh
frdn yeyia ixjOk ldh ixl,amh
 ufkda ,sx.sl ixjOk wj
(Freuds Stages of Psychosexual
Development)
ufkda Yaf,aIKjdoS kHdh

is.auka fm%dhs iska ufkdaYaf,aIKjdoS kHdh bosrsm;a

lf,ah' thg wkqj cShd cSj;a ug wdYdj olajk w;r iqL fokdj
Wfoid lghq;= lrhs mqoa.,fhl=f.a <udfha ixjOkh fm%dhs
iska w:l;kh lrkq ,nkafka fuu iqL fokd uq,Ouh (Principal
of Pleasure) mok fldgf.kh fufia Wmf;a isg orejd iqLdiajdoh
,nka miqlrf.k hk wj 05la we;s nj fm%dhs mjihs fuu wjka
ufkda,sx.sl ixjOk wj f,i k lrkq ,nhs
 fm!reI ixjOk kHdh flaka.; we;af;a mqoa.,fhl=
;=< ,sx.sl wdYajdoh we;s lrk n,mEu u;hs' tla tla
jOk wjia:djloS h Yr fldgila ,sx.sl W;af;ackhg
fYaI ixfoS;djla olajhs' fuu Yr fldgia k uqLh"
.=o ud.h iy m%ckfkash m%foaYhhs'
wjh idudkH jhi bkash ixflakah

uqh wjh Wmf;a isg jir uqLh

Oral Stage 02 brSu yd yemSu

.=o $mdhql wjh wjqre 02 isg u<my lsrsfuka fyda r|jd

Anal Stage 04 .eksfuka kaokhla ,nhs

,sx.rEmsl wjh wjqre 04 isg m%ckl bkashka

Phallic Stage 07 iamY lsrsu"tajdfha
^Bmia yd bf,alag%d msysu fjkial ms<sn|
ixlSK wjh& l=;=y,hla mj;s
.=ma;$iejqk$ wjqre 07 isg 11 iqLiajdoh ,ef ksh;
ks,Sk wjh ud.hla ykd.eksug
Latency Stage wmyiqh bf.kSu"
we.hsu wdoshg h
Wkkajla ksrslaIKh
l, yel

jDoaO wjqre 11 isg reoaO ,sx.slhka

lduql$m%ckk wjh bosrshg flfrys wdlIKh"
Adult Stage
 uqh wjh (Oral Stage)

fuu ld,fhaoS ;Dma;sfha m%d:l wjOdkh fhduq jkafka

uqLhghs' fuu wjfhaoS orejdg u ls fok w;r Wrdf iy
uqLhg hula ms<s.ekafuka ;Dma;sh w;a oshs' b,a,d
isk g lsoSug uj m%;slafIam lf,d;a Tyq wiykhg m;af'

fm%dhs g wkqj orefjl=f.a u ls f wjYH;dj ieu gu iy

wl f,i imqrd ka g Tyq iqnjdoS iy Tyq wjg isk wfkl=;a
wh i`oyd oe we.hSula we;s wfhla njg m;af'

tfiau kshu ;Dma;shla fkd,nd bcdNx.;ajhg m;ajk wh ;=,

ij wY=Njdos ,laIK fmkakq lrk w;r oafYh" ffjrh" Wmydih
jeks ,laIK fm!reI ;=, jOkh h yelsh
 .=o wjh (Anal Stage)

fuu wjfhaoS orejd u,my lrsfuka yd th md,kh

lsrsfuka ;Dma;shla ,nhs'

fm%dhs g wkqj fuu ld,fha wkjYH md,khlg k;=

lsrsu fya;=jka ksis ;Dma;sh wysf th mqoa.,
fm!reIh wjq,a iy.;" wms,sfj," idyisl" fkdie,ls<su;a iy
uqrKavq njg m;alrhs' tfiau mqoa., p;h" uiqre"
;ukafj;u rojd .kakd" ys;=jlaldr" b;d iqlaIu" wlukH
l,yld tlla h yelsh'
 ,sx.srEmsl wjh (Phallic Stage)

,sx.sl W;af;ackh Wmojk l,dmh ,sx.sl

m%foaYhhs' fuu wjia:dfoS orejd Tyqf.a ,sx.sl
bkaSh ms<sn`oj jvd Wkka f' fuysoS u;=jk
>gkh k bmia ixlSKhhs (Oedipus Complex)
^ia;%Skaf.a bf,lag%d ixlsKhhs (Electra
Complex) bmia ixlsKh k reoaO ,sx.sl
foumshd whs;slr .ekSug iy iudk ,sx.sl
foumshd bj;a lsug orejd ;=, we;s w{dksl
wdYdjhs'
 .=ma;$iejqk$ks,Sk wjh (Latency Stage)

h wdldrhlg ,sx.sl ye.S yd wdYdjka hgm;a jk njla fmkakq

lrhs reoaO ,sx.slhka kqreiakd w;r iudk ,sx.slhka yd tlaj
lghq;= lrhs ndysr l%shdldrl" w;ayod ne,S" l%svdjka
wdoshg fhduqula oel.; yelsh fuu ld,fha iqLiajdoh
,nd.kakd iDcq ud.hla ykd.eksug fkdyelsh

jDoaO lduql$m%ckk wjh (Adult Stage )

fuu wjfhaoS oa;Shsl ,sx.sl ,laIK my,u;a iu. reoaO

,sx.slhka flfrys wdlIKh;a"iudchg yqreu" iuqy lghq;="
j.ls ndr.eksu /lS rlaId ioyd fhduqj iajdk;ajh wdoS ye.S
my, jkafkah
cska mshdfca nqoa jOk kHdh

Piagets Cognitive Development Theory

 cshd yd mrsirh w;r we;sjk wkafhdkaH l%shdldrl ksid
ukfi lsish jHqyhka fyj;a rgdjka f.dvkef.a fuu rgdjka
l%ufhka ixlSK jk nj;a tajd kuHYs,s nj;a mshdfca m%ldY
lrhs
fuu udkisl rgdjka ialSud f,i yeoskajq w;r fuu ialsud
mq,au u; nqoah jOkh f

Ydrsrsl jOkh yd
ndysr mrsirfha w;aoels ,eu
ksidfjka nqoah m%udKfhka yd .=Kd;aul ndjfhka jOkh
jk nj fmkajd fohs'
mshdfcag wkqj nqoah fohdldr f

cSj oHd;aul nqoah ;dlsl nqoah

nqoah jOkh jkafka cSj oHd;aul miq;,hla ;=,h wk;=rej

mrsirh yd wLKavj .eu ksid cshd l%ufhka ixlSK nqoa
jHqyhka f.dvk.d .ks' fuu jOkh;a iu. ld, wjldYh jYfhka
ria: f,i is;Sf yelshdj jOkh f tu.ska ;dlsl ka;kh
ysf
nqoa jOkh .%y lsrsu i|yd mshdfca iska
ykajdka kj jd.a ud,dj

ixOdk l%shdj,sh Organization

ialsud Schema
wkqj:kh Adaptation
iud.%yKh Assimilation
m%;sfhdackh Accommodation
iu;=,s;;dlrKh Equilibrium
 ialsud' Schema

mqoa.,hd ndysrj olajk phd wkqj ukfia ;sh yels hehs

wkqudk lrk ka;k jHqyhls l%shdldrs nj fyda ka;k l%shdj,sh
fuyhjk uq,sl udkisl ie<eiauo f

w,q; Wmka orejdg h h m%;Sl oelsf yelshdj we;

fuu m%;Sl iycfhka yd ndysr W;af;acl ksid l%shd;aul f
lsish W;af;ackhlg m%;Slhla oelafos kj oekqula u;lfha
we;sf
tysos ir< ialsudjla kj w;aoelsu ksid ixlsK njg m;af
wdrNfha fuu ialsud ixOdkd;aul ke; mrsirfha w;aoels
,eu;a iu. l%ufhka ialsud ixOdkd;aul yd ixlsK njg
m;af nqoafha l%shdldrs;ajh u; ialsud fjkilg ,lajk w;r
jhiska jefv;au kj ialsud f.dvkef.a
 ixOdk l%shdj,sh Organization

ksidf.a nqoauh l%shdj,sh udkisl jHqy rgdjlg wkqj

ixOdkh lsrsf keUqrejla we;s nj mshdfca fmkajd fohs
ndysr f,dalh f;re .eksug;a" f,dalh yd lghq;= lsrsug;a
Wmldr jk udkisl fuj, jkqfha fuu udkisl jHqyhkah iycfhka
udkisl yelshdjka Wreu fkdjk nj mshdfcaf.a u;h f ta fjkqg
uq,sl h h m%;Sl yelshdjka muKla mj;s
 wkqj;k l%shdj,sh' Adaptation

Wmosk gu <orejdg uqK .efikafka wiykldrs

mSvdldr ysxidldrs jq mrsirhls tfy;a fuu kj mrsirhg
wkqj;kh f Yla;shla "m%jk;djhla Wmosk gu
,nd ;sfmqoa.,hd;a mrsirh;a w;r iu;=,s; njdh
/l.eksug csj oHd;aul lsish l%shdj,sla l%shd;aul
f mqoa.,hdf.a nqoa jOkh lr.ekso mrsirhg
wkqj:kh u u.ska isf
 iud.%yKh Assimilation

orefjl=f.a ukfiys jOkh we;s udkisl jhqyhka

orejdg uqK .efik mrsir ixisoaka f;re.eksug
m%udkj;a jq l,ays ukfia isjk l%shdj,sh iud.%yKh
f,i ykajhs' oekgu;a okakd foa Wmldr lr.kska kj
fohla f;re .eksuhs'
As children assimilate new information and experiences, they eventually change their
way of thinking to accommodate new knowledge
 m%;sfhdackh' Accommodation

iud.%yKhg jvd .eUqre jq l%shdj,sls mj;sk ialsudjka kj

fohla f;are lr .eksug m%udKj;a fkdjk wjia:djl jvd fhd.H jq
kj ialsudjka f.dvk.d .eksuhs iq iq w;ayod ne,s" ;e;ajro
l%uh wdosh nd;fhka kj oekqu jOkh lr.ks

fufia iud.%yKh yd m%;sfhdackh Wmfhda.sfldg .kska

nqoa jOkh islr.kska mrsirfha ixlSK ;a;jhkg
yev.efia
 iu;=,s;;dlrKh' -Equilibrium

ukfia isjk nqoauh l%shdj,sh ixOdkh" iud.%yKh"

m%;sfhdackh u.ska isjk wkqj:k l%shdj,sh hk ish,a,
udkisl iu;=,s; ;djhg Wmldr f

kj w;aoelsula fyda l%shdldrlula ,o gl oekgu mj;akd

udkisl jHqyhla u.ska th f;are .eksug W;aidy .ks mj;akd
ialsud j,ska th f;are .eksug yelsk udkisl iu;=,s; ndjh /fla
tfia fkdyels jk gl udkisl wiu;=,s; njla we;sjk w;r th iukh
lr.eksug udkisl fm<ula we;sf tysos iud.%yKh fyda
m%;sfhdackh u.ska m%cdkk jHqyhka ys fjkila we;sfldg
ka;k l%shdj,sh jvd;a M,odhs njg m;alrkq we;
01 bkaSh pd,l wjh ^Wmf;a isg udi 18-24 olajd&
Wmf;aos orejdg l, yelafla m%;Sl lsysmhka muKs wod,
m%fndaOlhla ,o g m%;Sl l%shd;aul f
brsu".s,su".%yKhyd oelSu ta w;r f fuu m%;Sl
l%shd;aul u u.ska ndysr f,dj is yd m%;spdr
olajhsbkashhka u.ska ,efnk ixfok wkqj nqoah
l%ufhka jOkh f ndysr mrsirh iu. l%shdjka je u;a
iu. l%shdjkag wod, jHqy ialsud f.dvkef.a

fuu wjfha uq,Sl ,laIK

ixfokhka yd pd,l l%shdjka w;r inkaOhla we;s u
jia;=jl ks;H;dj jgyd .ks
b,lalhlg fhduqjq l%shdldrl islrhs
;u jgmsgdj wjldYh ms<sno jegysula we;slr.ks
NdId mrsyrK yelshdj l%ufhka ,nd.ks
02' mqj l%shdldrs wjh wjqre 02 ;a 07 olajd
ld,h

l%shdldrl u.ska ka;kh lrd taf l%shdj,sfhaos

l%shd wNHka;r .; lr .eksu jeo.;a f l%shdldrl
l%shdjkag mukla iSud we;s g B<.g isjk foa
ms<snoj wkdjels mejeiSug yelshdjla fkdmj;s

m%udKj;a NdId ixjOkhla is f

ixfla;d;aul j is;Sug yelshdj ,nhs
tl osYdjlg keUqrej" ;dlslj is;sh yelsh
ka;kh wd;au flakash f
wka mqoa.,fhl=f.a oDIa fldaKfhka ne,sh fkdyelsh
mqj l%shdldrs wjfha orejkag b.ekafu oS
nqoauh yelshdjka jgydf.k" nqoauh l%shdj,sh fmdaIKh jk wdldrh g
mj;akd ialsudjkag iud.%ykh lr.; yels wjia:djka ,ndoSu;a'
l%shdldrl ixOdkh lsrsu;a isl, hq;=h'

01 oDIH wdOdrl yd ixfla; wdOdr Nd;h

02 ,ndfok Wmfoia fl jdlH yd fl jpk nd;fhka yd l%shdfjka

fmkau'

03 iEu <ufhl=gu tl yd iudk f;re.eksf yelshdjla we;ehs is;d

lghq;= fkdlrsu

04 <uqkag jvd;a imj$<uqkaf.a jd.a ud,dj f;are .kska NdIdjka

nd;d l, hq;=h
05 ixl,am yd NdIdj bf.ksug mokula ,ndosh hq;=f"
ta ioyd w;aoels ,nd.eksf wjia:djka ,ndosh hq;=h

06 pd,l l%shdldrl jelsrsu

07f.j;aj b.ekau fjkqjg .fYkh fldg f;are .eksug

m%udKj;a ld,hla ,ndfoka fifuka b.ekau
M,odhs f
fuu wjfha uQ,sl ,laIK lSmhls
fN!;sl f,dalfhys ia:djr nj ;dlslj ydkd.ekSu'
jH yd jia;=ka fjkial j,g Ndckh l< o tu jia;=kaf.a
uq,sl ,laIK ;j rg;a ixrlaIKh jk nj wjfndaOlr.kS'
 wkkH;djh hkq
mqoa.,fhl=" jia;=jla ld,h iu. fjkia fkd ta whqrskau
mj;skafkah hk woyih' hula wvq fkdlf,a k fyda tl;= fkdlf,a
k fjkila is fkd mj;sk njh'

ydks mqrKh fyj;a jkaosh

h osYdjlska " wxYhlska isjkakd jq fjkial ;j;a osYdjlska
fyda wxYhlska fjkila lr h:d ;;a;ajhg f.k wd yels nj
ms<sno woyihs'

m%;Hdj; nj
h l%shdj,shla kej;;a wmiaig l%shd;aul lr ne,sug we;s
yelshdjhs' fuu m%;Hdj; nj jOkh fuka miqj bosrshg
yd wdmiaig f,i fome;a;gu is;d ne,sug yelshdj jOkh
uh
) j.SlrK olaI;djh ) mmd .; lsrsu
 b.eka wdOdrl" WmlrK iy Y%jH oDIH wdOdrl Nd;
lrkak
YsIHkag ir, mrSlaIK lsrSug w;ayod ne,Sug yd
ksudK lsrsug wjia:djka ,ndosh hq;=h
lreKq bosrsm;a lrk g yd lshjk g uekka ixOdkh
lrk ,o fl mdv fldgia Nd;d l, hq;=h'
ixlSK woyia f;are lsrsug Tjqkg jvd;a yqre ir,
WodyrK Nd;d lrkak
 j. lsrsug yd ldKav lsrsug wjia:dj ,ndfokak
;dlsl yd Yaf,aIKd;aul ka;kh wjYHjkakd jq .eg,q
bosrsm;a l, hq;=h
taldldrs iajremh" jl iajrEmh yd Ydia;%sh nj wvql,
hq;=h
;ks ;ks l%shdjkag jvd iduqysl l%shdjka yd
l%svdjka ioyd wjia:djka ,ndoSu
 fuu wjfha oS oHd;aul ;lk l%uh l%shd;aul lrkq
,nhs WmkHdi f.dv kxjd p,Hka md,kh lrka udkisl
mfhaIK ie,iq lsrsug;a tajd mrslaIKhg ,lalsrsug;a
yels f'

lreKq lsysmhla tlg f.k i,ld ne,sf yelshdj we;

m%;Hdj; yelshdj fydoska je we;'

O oE .fIKhg yd iudch uqukskau m%;sixOdkh

lsrsug wjYH ie<iq ieliSug yelsh'
 fuu jhfiaoS ksoyig wdorh lrkq ,nk w;r
ksiqkag isjk wlghq;=l yd wiudkj ie,ls wdoshg ffjr
lrkq ,nhs'

ful, we;sjk fYaI prs; ,laIKhla jkafka kj fh!jk wd;au

flakaSh njhs

;ukaf.a Yajdihka yd wdl,am Yaf,aIKh lrhs wka

wh ;uka.ek is;kafkahhs yd Tjqkaf.a is;=,s .ek is;hs
 ixhqla; l%shdldrs wjfha orejkag b.ekafu

oS
oDIHdOdr Nd;h m%ia;dr"pd igyka "rEm igyka" O
j.Slrk igyka rela igyka wdosh nd;h'

prs; l:d"kjl:d hkdosfha tkq ,nk prs; ms<sno idlcd lsrsu

yd ;u ;ukaf.a prs;hkag ieioSu'
iuld,Sk foaYmd,k "iudcsh wd:sl yd wd.l hkdos
lafI;%hka ms<sno h h ud;Dld f;drd .kska ta ms<sno
;dlsl yd jdod;aul ,sm ielisu jdohka meje;au' ufkda
rdcHhka ms<sno ,sms ,su' ^Wo -id.r m;=f,a mosx
u" f,dalh fjkia lsrsf jrula ,enqkfyd;a&

mfhaIK ie,iq lsrsug wjia:djka ,ndoSu'

 lKavdh jYfhka yd hq., jYfhka i ie,iq lsrsug;a
lKavdhula ;=, lghq;= lsrsug;a wjia:djka ,ndoSu

;llsrsug bvlv we;sjkakd jq jD; m%Yak ,ndoSu'

^ksoyia fi!LH fiajhla mej;Sfuka ixjOkhg jkakd jq
n,mEu&

yq lreKq fjkqjg mq,a ixl,am W.kajkak Wo(

wk;cd,fha we;s jdis yd wjdis fudkjdo @
 .eg,q ioSfos l,am i ms<snoj idlcd lsrsug
wjia:djka ,ndoSu'

iul mej;sh yels hym;a yd whym;a ,laIK fjkalr

.eksug l%shdldrl ie<iq lsrsu'

YsIhkag bf.kSug wjia:djka i,idoSu Ih

ksfoaYhka wjika lsrsu fjkqjg u;a ka;k
Yla;sh lis; lsrsug yels b.eka l%u Nd;d lsrsu'
nqoa l,nk" jdo jdo" idlcd" l%shdldrl
ksudK ieliSu hkdos O l%shdud. Tiafia
nqoauh ixjdohkag wjia:djka we;slr,Su'
 m%cdkk ixjOkfha moku jkqfha
<uhdf.a is;=,s yd <uhdu fhduq jq l%shdjkaa lsrsu
u.sks

blauka b.ekau yd l,ska b.ekau wid:lh'

Bkshd bf.kqu fndfyda g mqre ksid we;sjkakd jq

hdka;%sl olaI;djhls" fuu.ska wjfndaOh fjkqjg lreKq
/ila ord isu mukla isf'
 ft;sydisl ixialD;sl ufkdaoHdj keue;s ufkdaoHd
lafI;%fha ksud;D jkafka ,s f.daialsh Tyq
bossm;a lrk ,o kHdh iudc ixjOk kHdh k f'

A pioneer of the sociocultural approach was

the Soviet psychologist Lev Semyonovich
Vygotsky (1896-1934),
 ienE ixjOk ugu^ Actual Development& lsish
ksYa; wjia:djl <ufhl=g h fohla lsrsug we;s yelshdj

ienE ixjOk ugf isg Bg by<ska ;j rg;a oshqKq l,

yels NjH ixjOk^ Potential Development& ugula
mj;sk nj fmkajd fohs

fufia ienE ixjOk ugf isg NjH ixjOk ugu olajd

<uhd by,g Tijd ;eu .=rejrhd fyda oekque;s jeyshka
iska wjYH oekqu ,ndoSfuka yd u.fmkau u.ska isl,
yelsh'
 iudc wka; ls%hdldrs;ajh m%cdkk ixjOkfha m%uqL
,laIKh f
bf.kSfuka mcdkk jOkh isjkakg k wfkla ;eke;a;d jvd
okafkl= h hq;=h (More Knowledgeable Other)
Wmrs ixjOk l,dmh (Zone of Proximal Development)
01 iudc wka; l%shdldrs;ajh m%cdkk ixjOk
l%shdj,sfha uq,sl ,laIKhls

fuh mshdff.a u;jdohka g imqkfhkau m%;sreoaO

m%fYhls'
mshdfg wkqj <uhd miqlr hk wj ;=, ta ta wjj, ,laIK
wkqj ixjOkh isjk njh' ixjOk wjh m%Odk jk w;r
<uhdf.a wef.a mj;sk ugu wkqj bf.ksu isfjhs
iEu <ufhl=f.a u ixialD;sl ixjOkh m<uqj Tyq csj;ajk iudc
;,fhaoS;a fojkqj <uhdf.a mqoa.,;,fhaos;A wdoS jYfhaka
fojeoEre f'
<uhd iudcfhka hula bf.kf.k miqj th ;ukaf.a fm!reI
.=Kdx.hla jYfhka th ixjOkh lr .ks' ta wkqj iudcfha
olakg ke;s" idrOuhla <uhskag b.ekah yelsfkdf'
02' bf.kSfuka m%cdkk jOkh isjkakg k wfkla
;eke;a;d jvd okafkl= h hq;=h'

ienE bf.kSula isug k wfkla ;eke;a;d jvd

oekque;s wfhl= h hq;=h
(More Knowledgeable Other ) MKO
.=rejrfhl=
jeysfhl=
iujhia tfy;a jvd oekque;s wfhl=
.%ka:hla
mrs>Kl jev igykla
ck ikaksfok udOHhla
03' Wmrs ixjOk l,dmh
^Zone of Proximal Development&

<uhdg ;ud iskau ;ksj <.d lr .eksu Ialr jq tfy;a jvd

okakd wfkl=f.a u. fmkau yd osrs .ekau u.ska
idOkh lr.; yels l=i,;d
jvd oekqu;s wkH mqoa.,hd
bf.kqu

fkdokakd foa
oekgu;a <uhd
fyj;a
okakd foa
,nd .;hq;=
fyj;a m%cdkkh
m%cdkkh

<uhdg ;ud iskau ;ksj <.d lr .eksu

Ialr jq tfy;a jvd okakd wfkl=f.a u.
fmkau yd osrs .ekau u.ska idOkh
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