At equilibrium no driving force for energy or

mass transfer .

Equilibrium is the static condition in which no

change occur in the macroscopic properties of a
system with time
 p1=x1.p10
Where,
p1-partial pressure of component
p10-vapour pressure of pure component
x1 -mole fraction of component in liquid phase
 Ptotal = p1+ p2
Where,
Ptotal -Total pressure
p1 ,p2 -Partial pressure of component.
x1= p1/ p10
= partial pressure of component /vapour pressure of pure component
Composition in gaseous phase :
y 1 = p 1/ P
= partial pressure of component /total pressure
Raoults law becomes

yiP=xiPisat (i=1,2,3..n)
Where:
yi = Vapor-phase mole fraction.
xi = Liquid-phase mole fraction.
Pi = Vapor pressure of pure species i at the T of the system.
yi P = Partial pressure of species i.
 yi P = xi i Pisat ( i= 1,2,..,N)

Where
i = Activity coefficient.
Fugacity: It is derived from Latin, expressed as
fleetness or escaping tendency. It is used
to study extensively phase and chemical reaction
equilibrium.
G = RT ln f +

- Is an constant depends on temperature and nature

of gas.
fugacity has same units as pressure for an ideal gas.
Fugacity coefficient () :
Fugacity coefficient is defined as the ratio of fugacity
of component to its pressure.
=f/P

- Is the measure of non ideal behavior of the gas.