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Optical - Sources by Adi
Optical - Sources by Adi
Mr.V.Adinarayana
Asst. Prof.
ECE Dept.
VIIT
Considerations with Optical
Sources
Physical dimensions to suit the fiber
Singlefrequencylaser
(<0.04nm) Laseroutputismanytimes
higherthanLEDoutput;they
wouldnotshowonsamescale
Standardlaser
(13nmwide)
LED(3050nmwide)
Wavelength
Light Emission
= hc/E(eV)
= wavelength in microns
h = Planks constant
C = speed of light
E = Photon energy in eV
Bandgap Energy and Possible Wavelength
Ranges in Various Materials
SEMICONDUCTOR LIGHT-
EMITTING DIODES
Semiconductor LEDs emit incoherent
light.
Spontaneous emission of light in
semiconductor LEDs produces light
waves that lack a fixed-phase relationship.
Light waves that lack a fixed-phase
relationship are referred to as incoherent
light
SEMICONDUCTOR LIGHT-EMITTING DIODES
Cont
n1
Light
emission
cone
Mode
Separation g()
Longitudinal
Modes
Optical output vs. drive current of a laser
External Efficiency
Depends on the slope
Threshold Current
Laser threshold depends on
Temperature
Modulation of Optical Sources
I IB
'
B
I I B I th
'
B
I2
t
Current (I)
I(t)
I 2 I1
t d sp ln
I 2 I th
t
Turn on Delay (lasers)
When the driving current suddenly jumps from
low (I1 < Ith) to high (I2 > Ith) , (step input), there
is a finite time before the laser will turn on
This delay limits bit rate in digital systems
Can you think of any solution?
I 2 I1
t d sp ln
I 2 I th
I2
Input current
Assume step input
I1
Electron density
steadily increases until
threshold value is
reached
Turn
Output optical power on Resonance Freq.
Delay (fr)
Starts to increase only
(td)
after the electrons reach
the threshold
Frequency Response of a Laser
Resonance
Frequency
(fr) limits the
highest
possible
modulation
frequency
Useful Region
Laser Analog
Modulation
P(t)
P (t ) Pt [1 ms (t )]
Here s(t) is the modulating signal,
P(t): output optical power
Pt: mean value S(t)
The modulated spectrum
This pulse increases its frequency linearly in time (from red to blue).