PRACTICAL GEOMETRY

Basic Introduction and Projections

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 Definition
Engineering drawing is the language of engineers.
In this language objects, their design and acting
forces are shown by graphic method.
Drawing equipments and instruments are needed
to record information on drawing paper or any
other suitable surface.
Drawing composed of straight lines, curves, circle
and arcs is prepared with certain instruments.

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 Need for Drawing
Mechanical Engg . Design, Force analysis, production
Computer Engg. Fabrication of chips, PCB, cabinets,
design
Electrical Engg. production of transformers, electric
attachments, structure
Electronic Engg. PCB, production of control mechanism,
accessories
Civil Engg. Structure, Design, Architecture

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Drawing Papers
297 210 A4
420 297 A3
594 420 A2
840 594 A1
1188 840 A0

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 DRAWING PENCILS
pencils are graded on the European system
using a continuum from H (for hardness)
to B (for blackness), as well as F (for fine
point). The standard writing pencil is graded
HB. This system might have been developed
in the early 20th century by Brookman, an
English pencil maker. It used B for black
and H for hard; a pencil's grade was
described by a sequence or successive Hs or
Bs such as BB and BBB for successively
softer leads, and HH and HHH for
successively harder ones.
As of 2009, a set of pencils ranging from a
very hard, light-marking pencil to a very
soft, black-marking pencil usually ranges
from hardest to softest as follows:

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 Shape of Lead
The lead may be sharpened to two different
ways:
1. Conical points
2. Chisel points
the conical point is used in sketch work and
for lettering etc. With the chisel edge, long
thin lines or uniform thickness can be easily
drawn and hense it is useful for drawing work.

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LINES
Line styles and types
visible are continuous lines used to depict
edges directly visible from a particular
angle.
hidden are short-dashed lines that may be
used to represent edges that are not
directly visible.
center are alternately long- and short-
dashed lines that may be used to represent
the axes of circular features.
cutting plane are thin, medium-dashed
lines, or thick alternately long- and double
short-dashed that may be used to define
sections for section views.
section are thin lines in a pattern (pattern
determined by the material being "cut" or
"sectioned") used to indicate surfaces in
section views resulting from "cutting."
Section lines are commonly referred to as
"cross-hatching.

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 Dimensioning
Dimension Lines and Projection
Lines
Projection lines are used to
indicate the extremities of a
dimension. They are generally
drawn up to 1 mm from the
outline of the object.
Dimension lines are used to
label a particular dimension.
They have one or more
arrowheads, which are
typically 3 mm long x 1 mm
wide.
Thin lines are used for both
projection lines and dimension
lines.

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Linear Dimensions
Generally linear dimensions
are in millimeters . To avoid
having to specify 'mm' after
every dimension, a label
such as 'all dimensions in
mm' or is usually contained
in the title block.
If the dimension is less than
one a leading zero should
be used before the decimal
point. eg. 0.5
Angular Dimensions
Angular dimensions are
usually specified in decimal
degrees, degrees and
minutes, or degrees
minutes and seconds. eg.
27.5 2730' 2730'16"
If the angle is less than one
degree a leading zero
should be used. eg.
0.5 030'
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 Dimensioning Methods
(1) Unidirectional :
The dimensions are written horizontally and are
read from the bottom of the drawing. The
unidirectional dimension system is preferred
over the aligned system because it is easier to
read and understand.
(2) Aligned
The dimensions are written parallel to their
dimension line. Aligned dimensions should
always be readable from the bottom or the right
of the drawing.
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ALIGNED DIMENSIONS Unidirectional dimensions

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Dimensions not to Scale: Dimensions not Complete:
Dimensions that are not to scale When a dimension line cannot be completely
drawn to its normal termination point, the free
are underlined. end is terminated in a double arrowhead.

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Orthographic Projections

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Projectors:

Projections:

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Elements of Projection

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 Four Quadrants

When a horizontal plane referred to as the

H.P. intersects with a vertical plane
referred to as the V.P. there is the
formation of four quadrants or angles,
due to this fact there is the formation
of first and third angle projection. The
line formed where the two planes
meet is called the XY line.
If a component is suspended between the
first or third quadrant and views
projected to the planes at right angle
to the planes the resultant views on
the planes would be considered as the
First or third angle orthographic
projection of the component. Any view
projected unto the Horizontal Plane is
called a PLAN. Any view projected unto
the vertical plane is called an
EELEVATION.

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 It should be remembered that the First and
the Third quadrants are always opened out
while rotating the planes.

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 For drawings to be done in Technical drawing, one plane has to be rebated to
form one flat surface for drawing. The line that is created where the two

planes meet is called the the XY line .

Component suspended in the first quadrant

Thus giving first angle orthographic projection

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 Third angle Projection

Component suspended in the third

quadrant

Thus giving third angle orthographic

projection
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 Then there is the introduction of two other vertical planes commonly referred to as the side vertical plane
(sometimes called the Auxiliary Vertical plane). These side or auxiliary vertical planes are introduced into the
system to facilitate the projecting of sides of the component.

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First Angle Projetion

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Third Angle Projection

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Layout of first angle orthographic projection

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Layout of third angle Orthographic Projection

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 Differences between first angle projection and third angle projection.

In first angle projection

The plan is always under the front elevation
The end views are always to the left and the right of the
front elevation.
What is seen on the left is projected to the right and what
is seen on the right is projected on the left.

In third angle projection

The plan is always above the front elevation
The end views are always to the left and the right of the
front elevation.
What is seen on the left is projected back on the left side
and what is seen on the right is projected back on the right
side.
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First angle projection symbol Third angle projection symbol

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FOOT PEG COMPONENT DRAWN IN FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION

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FOOT PEG COMPONENT DRAWN IN THIRD ANGLE PROJECTION

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To draw three orthographic views of a component in first angle projection:

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To draw three orthographic views of a component in third angle projection:

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