HIGH SPEED FLOW

1st Semester 2007

Pawarej CHOMDEJ
fengpac@ku.ac.th
081 832 7854
05-Jun-07 1
 Course Outline
1. Introduction to compressible flows
2. Normal Shock Waves
3. Oblique Shock Waves
4. Prandtl - Mayer Flow
5. Application Involving Shocks and Expansion Fans
6. Flow with Friction
7. Flow with Heat Transfer
------------------------ Midterm Examination ------------------------
8. Linearized Compressible Flow
9. Airfoils in Compressible Flows

05-Jun-07 2
 Course Outline
10. Wings and Wing-Fuselage Combinations in
Compressible Flows
11. Method of Characteristics
12. Computational Gas Dynamics
13. Hypersonic Flows

05-Jun-07 3
 Course assessment
Attendance, Presentation, Quiz and
Homework 40 points
Attendance 10 points
Presentation 10 points
Homework 20 points
Midterm examination 30 points
Final examination 30 points

05-Jun-07 4
 Introduction to compressible flows
Compressible flow
Review of thermodynamics
Total (Stagnation) conditions
Isentropic flow
Supersonic flow
Shock waves
Definition
Characteristics

05-Jun-07 5
 Introduction to compressible flows
Review of thermodynamics
The first law of thermodynamics
q + w = de
For a reversible process
q - pd = de

Internal Energy and Enthalpy

Internal energy
e = CT
Enthalpy
h = e + P = CpT
Specific heat

05-Jun-07 6
 Introduction to compressible flows
Entropy
Theory of work laws in closed system
2 Forms of energy transfer : Work and Heat
Area under Pressure-Volume diagram = Work (W)
Reversible expansion or compression
P

P
dV

V
05-Jun-07 7
 Introduction to compressible flows
Entropy
Area under T-s diagram = Heat Transfer (Q)
T

OR T
ds

Reversible process
Specific entropy s , J/(kg K)

05-Jun-07 8
 Introduction to compressible flows
The second law of thermodynamic (Irreversible
process)

From the first law Tds = dh - dP = de +pd

Entropy change of a calorically perfect gas
between two states

or

05-Jun-07 9
 Introduction to compressible flows
Isentropic Processes
Isentropic Constant Entropy
Reversible and Adiabatic process
T

ds = 0

No heat transfer to or from fluid dQ = 0

Application in steady systems for gasses and
vapors
05-Jun-07 10
 Introduction to compressible flows
Exercise
1) A perfect gas is expanded adiabatically from
5 to 1 bar by the law PV1.2 = Constant. The
initial temperature is 200C. Calculate the
change in specific entropy. R = 287.15 J/kgK,
=1.4

05-Jun-07 11
 Introduction to compressible flows

Isentropic Flow
Adiabatic and Reversible
No energy added, No energy losses
Small an gradual change in flow variables

h0 h0
T0 T0
P0 P0

ds = 0

05-Jun-07 12
 Introduction to compressible flows

Isentropic relation
For and adiabatic, reversible process

with

so

05-Jun-07 13
 Introduction to compressible flows
Total (Stagnation) conditions :
A point (or points) in the flow where V = 0.
Fluid element adiabatically slow down

V1 V2 = 0

A flow impinges on a solid object

05-Jun-07 14
 Introduction to compressible flows
From Energy Equation and the first law of thermodynamics
Total enthalpy = Static enthalpy + Kinetic energy (per unit
mass)
h01 h02

h1 h2

Steady and adiabatic flow h0 = const (h01 = h02)

Steady, inviscid, adiabatic flow T0 = const
Isentropic flow P0 = const and 0 = const
(Slow down adiabatically and reversibly)

For a calorically perfect gas , h0 = CPT0 or h = CP T

05-Jun-07 15
 Introduction to compressible flows
Question
2) Consider a point in a flow where the velocity
and temperature are 230m/s and 375K
respectively. Calculate the total enthalpy at this
point.
3) An airfoil is in a freestream where P = 0.75
atm, = 0.942 kg/m3 and V = 325 m/s. At a
point on the airfoil surface, the pressure is 0.62
atm. Assuming isentropic flow, calculate the
velocity at the point.
05-Jun-07 16
 Introduction to compressible flows
Compressible flow
Density changes

Incompressible Compressible

constant varies

05-Jun-07 17
 Introduction to compressible flows
Compressibility
Measure of the relative volume change with
pressure P+dp
P

05-Jun-07 18
 Introduction to compressible flows
Compressibility
P
Incompressible Flow

P+ dp

P Compressible Flow

P+dp

05-Jun-07 19
 Introduction to compressible flows
Entropy

Isentropic Relations

Compressibility

M < 0.3 : Incompressible flow

M > 0.3 : Compressible flow

05-Jun-07 20