1

- Lavoisier 1774.

,
.

100 ,
.

2
 Su p sta n ca A Su p sta n ca B

2 g H2 + 16 g O2 = 18 g H2O

1908. + C+D
mA + mB = mC + mD

10-7 g

E = mc2

,
, , ,
.

3

- Proust 1789.

,
.

1 g H2 + 8 g O2 = 9 g H2O

H:O=1:8

, ,
.
60 .
132,843 g
100 g Ag 132,848 g AgCl
132,842 g
132,849 g
, , (
).
(C.L. Bertholett), .

(John Dalton). 4

- Dalton 1802.

,
.

H2O H:O=1:18
H2O2 H:O=1:28

N2 O N : O = 14 : 1 8
NO N : O = 14 : 2 8
N2O3 N : O = 14 : 3 8
NO2 N : O = 14 : 4
, , ,
.
,
CO CO2. 1 g 1,3333 g
CO 2,6660 g CO2,
(1:2) 0,0004 g
5
.

- Richter 1789.

:
CH4 H2O

12 g C : 4 g H /:4 2 g H : 16 g O /:2
3gC:1gH 1gH:8gO

CO2

12 g C : 32 g O /:4
3gC:8gO
E(C) : E(O) -

1. .

2. .

3. .

4. .

7
 Ar
,
e ,
, ,
.

, ,
.

.
, ,
, .
1/16 16,
1/16 .
16 (99,76%), 17 (0,04%) 18 (0,2%),
.

.

8
1959. , 1961. 12C. :

1/12 12C.

Ar(x) = m(x)/(1/12)m(12C)
Ar - , . Ar - .
Ar(H) = 1,00794 ; Ar(O) = 15,99

Mr

1/12 12C.

Mr(H2O) = 2Ar(H) + Ar(O)

Mr(H2O) = 21 + 16
Mr(H2O) = 18

9

- - Gay Lussak 1805.

, ,
,
.
H2 + Cl2 2 HCl
1 dm3 + 1 dm3 = 2 dm3

(Amadeo Avogadro)
, 1811. ,
, , 1858. ,
(Stanislao Cannizzaro) .

(
) .

H2 + Cl2 2 HCl
1 dm3 (H2) + 1 dm3 (Cl2) 2 dm3 (HCl) 10

1858.
.
:

12 12C.

- , , .
N = 6,0221023
6,0221023
6,0221023
6,0221023

, 1 ,
(t0 = 0C, P0 = 101,325 kPa) 22,4 dm3.

() .
a
Ar(N) = 14 Mr(NH3) = 17
M(N) = 14 g/mol M(NH3) = 17 g/mol 11