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VibrationAnalysisOfRotatingEquipment CaMau
VibrationAnalysisOfRotatingEquipment CaMau
Consequences
fatigue accelerated from part
wear faster (bearings,)
damaging and rupture
generation of excessive noise
Sq Hpq
p Fq
internal
External
Sn1
n1 n2 n3
X p H pq S q H pq Fq H pq Bq
q 1 n1 1 n 2 1
internal external boundary
Test
item Amplifier
Frequency Computer for data
analyzer storage & analysis
Exciter Amplifier
Force transducer
input to structure
Frequency Amplitude
= =
1/T Displacement
/ Velocity
/ Acceleration
mx kx
k
x (k / m) x 0,
m
Displacement x x0 cos(t )
dx
Velocity v x x0 sin(t )
dt
dv
Acceleration a v x0 2 cos(t )
dt
Frequency of vibration f = 1 / = / 2
November 3-7, 2014 Vibration analysis of rotating 31
equipment
II. Vibration parameters
Relations between parameters
Acceleration, a
2X Velocity, v
amplitude
X Displacement, x
X
Dephase = /2
time
Ac 2
Peak
Aeff 0.707 Ap
amplitude
Effective amplitude 2
time
Peak to peak
amplitude
T
Peak 1 2
amplitude Aeff
T0
a (t )dt
Effective amplitude
time
Peak to peak
November 3-7, 2014 amplitudeanalysis of rotating
Vibration 34
equipment
III. Amplitudes
Choice of amplitude scale
On a logarithmic amplitude axis depict better the vibration
spectra over a very wide dynamic range !
W
dB 10 log
W0
In vibration: ex: acceleration
are =10-5 ms-2
a
La 20 log vre =10-8 ms-1
are xre =10-11 m
(ISO 1683)
Total levels
Vibration of a rotating equipment = composition of many internal forces
At first,
November we measure theVibration
3-7, 2014 total levels
analysis of rotating 36
equipment
IV. Frequency analysis
Fourier transform:
DFT
(Discrete
Fourier
Transform)
Decomposition in Decomposition in
elementary impulses elementary steps (echelons)
Excitation Response
Excitation Response
Indicial response, ( f0 = 1)
Means of measurement
Transducer: mechanical quantity electric signal
Charge amplifier: independent / built-in
Analyzer: analog digital, signal treatment / FFT
Means of excitation
Exciter: shock hammers, pots de vibration
Power amplifier
Monitor
Control Force
Transducer
Signal-
Test
Generator Conditioning
Structure
Amplifiers
Response
November 3-7, 2014 Vibration analysis of rotating Transducers 44
equipment
V. Apparatus & Data acquisition
Type of measurement
SIGNAL MEASUREMENT
x X sin t displacement: X
x X cos t velocity : X
x 2 X sin t acceleration : 2X
Ex: Vibrations
Frequency displacement acceleration
0.5 Hz 1 m ~ 10-5 m/s2
15 800 Hz 1 m ~ 104 m/s2
velocity
displacement
frequency
Displacement ( X ) : measure clearances, expansion, at low freq.
unbalance indication
Velocity ( X ) : cover the largest range of frequency used in
the standards for the evaluation of vibration intensity
Acceleration ( 2X ) : measure vibration at high freq. (shock).
November 3-7, 2014 Vibration analysis of rotating 46
equipment
V. Apparatus & Data acquisition
Vibration sensors
Definition
MECHANICAL QUANTITY
- displacement (X )
- velocity (X )
- acceleration (2X )
- (presure, stress)
- absolute or relative
SENSOR
ELECTRICAL QUANTITY
- voltage (V ) X
- current ( I ) = X (: sensibility)
- charge (Q ) 2X
X
November 3-7, 2014 Vibration analysis of rotating 47
equipment
V. Apparatus & Data acquisition
Specifications of sensors
Range of measurements ex: 0 to 10 g
-1 mm to +1
mm
Frequency range (or pass band ) ex: 1 Hz to 1.5 kHz
Sensibility ex: 10 pC/g, 300 mV/(cm/s)
Transverse sensibility
Precision
Sensibility to external parasites
- magnetic field ex: 0.1 g/Tesla
- noise ex: 0.01 pC/dB
- temperature
etc
0 u0 2
u
seismometer
accelerometer
Typical specifications:
- sensitivity, 10 500 pC/g; - useful freq. range, 3 5000 Hz;
- acceleration range, 1 500g; - temperature range, 254760C;
- resonance freq., 25,000 Hz; - transverse response, 3%
Beam-type
Bimorph structure
[Harris'
November 3-7,Shock
2014 & Vibration Handbook]
Vibration analysis of rotating 57
equipment
V. Apparatus & Data acquisition
Laser doppler vibrometers (LDV)
Principle: Doppler shift of laser light which has been backscattered from
a vibrating test object
to produce a real-time analog signal output instantaneous velocity
Velocity measurement range: min peak 0.5 m/s max peak 10 m/s
(typical)
Main features:
- No transducer mounting or mass loading effects.
- No built-in transverse sensitivity or other environmental effects.
- Measure remotely from nearly any standoff distance.
- Ultra-high spatial resolution with small measurement spot (5-100 m).
- Easily fitted with fringe-counter electronics for producing absolute
calibration of dynamic displacement.
- Laser beam can be automatically scanned to produce full-field vibration
pattern images.
November 3-7, 2014 Vibration analysis of rotating 58
equipment
V. Apparatus & Data acquisition
Types of Laser Doppler Vibrometers
10 000 Accelerometer
1000
Velocity
100 transducer
10 Displacement
transducer
(seismic)
Frequency (Hz)
0.1 1 10 100 1000 10 000
November 3-7, 2014 Vibration analysis of rotating 61
equipment
V. Apparatus & Data acquisition
Vibration measurement system
- displacement "proximity
probes" used on large
turbines & compressors
- vibration monitoring
equipment is typically
carried from machine to
machine, & the sensor
is temporarily mounted
on the bearing
Operation conditions
strongly affect on the vibration parameters
each vibration measurement should be done at a fixed operation
condition
Calibration information:
Transducer calibration.
Overall system (end-to-end) calibration of system.
Phase of output signal relative to input signal.
Any changes in calibration between pretest and posttest conditions.
November 3-7, 2014 Vibration analysis of rotating 68
equipment
Thank you !