UMTS Fundamentals

Overview of UMTS Technology and its Evolution

Objectives

After completing this module, the participant should be able

to:

Identify the principles of cellular system

Identify and list the components in 2G
Identify the motivation factors for 3G
Identify the specification process
Explain GSM and UMTS service concept
Cellular System: Advantages of Digital Technology

There are three different generations as far as mobile

communication is concerned as discussed below:
First Generation (1G)
Second Generation (2G)
Third Generation (3G)
Cellular System: Advantages of Digital Technology

First Steps & First Generation (1G)

Following figure describes the First Generation
Communication System:
Cellular System: Advantages of Digital Technology

Second Generation (2G) Mobile Systems

Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM):
The GSM radio interface uses FDD for duplex transmission and
FDMA/TDMA for multiple access.
Digital Advanced Mobile Phone System (D-AMPS):
The D-AMPS radio interface uses FDD for duplex transmission
and FDMA/TDMA for multiple access.
Japanese Digital Cellular (JDC) / Personal Digital Cellular
(PDC):
The PDC radio interface uses FDD for duplex transmission and
FDMA/TDMA for multiple access.
Cellular System: Advantages of Digital Technology

Third Generation (3G)

The third generation, 3G, is expected to complete the
globalization process of the mobile communication.
The 3G system UMTS is mostly be based on GSM technical
solutions due to two reasons:
Firstly, the GSM as technology dominates the market.
Secondly, investments made to GSM should be utilised as much
as possible.
3G UMTS Motivation and Specification Process for
UMTS
UMTS Development:
GSM was to be further evolved in the GSM Phase 2+ in such a
manner that its capabilities progressed toward UMTS.
The GSM network and protocol structures were developed so
that they can be used as a platform not only for high level GSM
services, but also for UMTS.
The introduction of dual and multimode terminals is of great
importance.
3G UMTS Motivation and Specification Process for
UMTS
Mobile Communication Market: Medium and Long Term
Forecasts:
The mobile communications market will continue to grow in the
first decade of the 21st century and beyond.
It is generally expected that the number of mobile
communications subscribers will exceed those in fixed networks
in the next years.
About 2.7 billion subscribers are predicted for the mobile
communications market by the year 2015 according to the
UMTS Forum Report #1.
3G UMTS Motivation and Specification Process for
UMTS
3G end-to-end IP Solutions:
The following diagram illustrates the use of IP for the network
traffic:
3G UMTS Motivation and Specification Process for
UMTS
Organization involved in Specification Process for UMTS:
International Telecommunication Union (ITU-T)
European Telecommunication Standard Institute (ETSI)
Alliance of Radio Industries and Business (ARIB)
American National Standard Institute (ANSI)
Evolution of UMTS Technology

The following figure illustrates GSM and UMTS Evolution:

Evolution of UMTS Technology

Data Transmission Evolution:

In Phases 1 and 2, GSM allows data transfers at 0.3 to 9.6
Kbit/s.
In Phase 2+ HSCSD, GPRS, and EDGE are introduced to
enhance the data transmission capabilities.
Existing GSM and UMTS Service Concept

User Services:
Following are the some of the examples:
E-mail.
Telecommuting.
Multimedia messaging.
Improved quality of service.
Support for video and audio clips.
Wireless personal Internet-information anywhere at anytime.
Existing GSM and UMTS Service Concept

GSM Service Support in UMTS:

The Tele Services TS, Bearer Services BS and
Supplementary Services SS of GSM Phase 2+ are defined,
supported and enhanced in and for UMTS (TS 22.004).
Demands on market differs much more on a global market
and standardization in 3GPP will not be fast and flexible
enough to satisfy changing regional market demand and
follow all technical changes.
Existing GSM and UMTS Service Concept

Flexible Service Creation:

The (GSM/UMTS) network offers service elements, which are
used by applications.
The applications form the value added for the subscriber (see
also Next Generation Network Group).
A set of services have been made available by UMTS.
DTV and Music
Electronic Programming Guide
Gaming on Demand
RAS06

Name Flexi BTS Mast Head RF Module changed to OBSAI 40W Remote
Radio Head
Added RNC450 Coverage Optimised Solutions
Removed Path Selection
Removed UBR+ for Iub User Plane
Removed Transport Bearer Tuning
Name Hybrid BTS Backhaul using DSL and Ethernet only changed to Hybrid
BTS Backhaul
Added Combined and Optimized 2G/3G backhaul (One Pipe)
RAS06

Voice and Data

Wideband AMR Codec Set (12.65, 8.85, 6.60)
HSDPA 15 Codes (14.4Mbps/cell, 10Mbps/user)
Shared HSDPA Scheduler for Baseband Efficiency
HSDPA Code Multiplexing
HSDPA Dynamic Resource Allocation
48 HSDPA Users per Cell
HSUPA (2.0Mbps/user)
HSUPA with Simultaneous AMR Voice Call
RAS06

Interworking and Network Evolution

Flexible Iu
O&M, Performance Management and Serviceability
Centralised User Information Management for BTS
Collection of Key Counters
Cell Throughput Measurements in Serving RNC
Site Solutions
RNC450 Coverage Optimised Solution
Extended Cell (180km)
OBSAI 40W Remote Radio Head
RAS06

Transport
Iub and HSDPA Efficiency
Hybrid BTS Backhaul
Combined and Optimized 2G/3G Backhaul (One Pipe)
Indoor Solutions
Pico WCDMA BTS Rel 2 (P7 Q1/08)
RAS06

UTRAN RNC Capacity and Connectivity Roadmap

(RNC450/2600 )
Capacity (Rel99+HSPA)
585 Mbps DL+UL
10 000 Erl AMR
Max in 2 cabinets
HSPA
HSDPA 10Mbps/user
HSDPA 14Mbps/cell
HSUPA 2Mbps/user
Connectivity (Rel99+HSPA)
600 NodeB
1 800 cells
RAS06

WCDMA Flexi BTS Roadmap

WBTS4.0
Products:
Flexi Multiradio Combiner (850, 900, 2100)
OBSAI 40W Remote Radio Head (2100,1700/2100)
Features:
Code Multiplexing
Hybrid BTS Backhaul
Extended Cell (180km)
3GPP RET
AISG2.0 Mast Head Amplifier Control
RAS06

WCDMA UltraSite Roadmap

WBTS4.0
Products:
Flexi Multiradio Combiner (850, 900, 2100)
Features:
Code Multiplexing
Hybrid BTS Backhaul
Extended Cell (180km)
RAS06

RAS/RU Roadmap Pico WCDMA BTS

Products:
Pico WCDMA BTS with Ethernet
Features:
Licensing
Capacity 40 or 80 channels
RAS06 level HSDPA and HSUPA support
32/6 simultaneous users with HSDPA/HSUPA
O&M
Nokia O&M
Transport
IP Transport
UBR+ for Iub User Plane
RAS06

WCDMA Transport Release Roadmap

Transport Solutions
Hybrid BTS Backhaul
Iub and HSDPA Efficiency
IP/Ethernet only backhaul
Combined and optimized 2G/3G backhaul (ONE PIPE)
Flexi BTS Site Nodal MWR Solution (FlexiHub)
Pico BTS Ethernet interface
RAS06

WCDMA Transport Release Roadmap

Transport Features
Path Selection
UBR+ for Iub user plane
Transport bearer tuning
Dynamic scheduling for DCH NRT with Path Selection
Dynamic scheduling for HSDPA with Path Selection
HSUPA congestion control
ATM over Ethernet for BTS
Flexible Iu
RAS06

WCDMA Transport Release Roadmap

Site Hardware:
Ultrasite WCDMA BTS: IFUH
Flexi WCDMA BTS: FTJA
TRS Operability:
Flexi WCDMA BTS support for RNS split
IP address & port based filtering for BTS LMPs
Centralized User Information Mgmt for BTS
RU10

Introduction
RU10 introduces several new features. In transport solutions, the new IP
based interfaces are a major improvement. These enable the user to
choose between the ATM and IP solutions, thus making the network
configurations more flexible. Place this before RU10 where RU10
information is being added. RU10 is supported in Release 6 and 7 of
UMTS.0.
RU10

Evolution of RU10
RU10 was first released in 2008. It is combination of UMR and RAS06.
Now you will study the RU10 features in brief.
Nokia Siemens Networks will harmonize WCDMA/HSPA roadmap
starting with RU10.
Nokia Siemens Networks will provide improved roadmap to both Nokia
and Siemens customers.
The first common release RU10 will be available Q2 2008
RU10 content will be feature rich and it will include N-S Iub interface,
enabling connection of Nokia and Siemens Node B to RNC2600
UMTS Release 6

Features in UMTS release 6

Voice and Data
Load based AMR Codec Mode Selection
Conversational QoS for HSPA
HSDPA 14Mbps/user
HSUPA 5.8Mbps/user
QoS aware HSPA Scheduling
Streaming QoS for HSPA
HSPA Multi NRT RABs
PS RAB Reconfiguration
MBMS Broadcast
UMTS Release 6

Interworking and Network Evolution

Multi-Operator Core Network
O&M, Performance Management and Serviceability
Centralised User Event Log Management for BTS
Secure MMI
Secure File Transfer
User Activity Tracking for RNW Parameter Changes
Site Solutions
RNC2600
Flexi BTS High Capacity System Module
4 Way RX Diversity
CPRI OBSAI 60W High Power RRH
Common Iub
UMTS Release 6

Transport
HSDPA Congestion Control
Full Native IP Connectivity
Timing over Packet
Indoor Solutions
Home Access Point Solution
Introduction to Flexi Multimode Base Station

Flexi Multimode BTS with LTE SW is the 3GPP LTE eNB

macro BTS site solution. From a BTS site installation and
hardware (HW) point of view, Flexi Multimode BTS
introduces a new revolutionary flexible way to build BTS
sites using modules, without a specific BTS cabinet. Flexi
architecture is fully future proof and provides smooth
evolution from WCDMA/HSPA to LTE. Flexi Multimode
BTS provides very high radio downlink output power when
using Flexi 3-sector Radio Module with total 210 W power
amplifiers or Remote Radio Head. Fewer sites are needed
and high speed broadband data services over LTE can be
supported to indoor locations using outdoor BTS sites.
Introduction to Flexi Multimode Base Station

Three sector site solution 1+1+1

System Module
3-sector RF Module 3 x 70W Multimode
Introduction to Flexi Multimode Base Station
4G Candidate
WiMAX Standards and Standards Group
 The way to LTE: 3 main 3G Drawbacks

1.- The maximum bit rates still are factor 20 and more behind the current
state of the art systems like 802.11n and 802.16e/m. Even the support for
higher mobility levels is not an excuse for this.

2.- The latency of user plane traffic (UMTS: >30 ms) and of resource
assignment procedures (UMTS: >100 ms) is too big to handle traffic with
high bit rate variance efficiently.

3.- The terminal complexity for WCDMA or MC-CDMA systems is quite

high, making equipment expensive, resulting in poor performing
implementations of receivers and inhibiting the implementation of other
performance enhancements like MIMO for a lot of equipment.
The way to the Long-Term Evolution (LTE): a 3GPP
driven initiative
LTE is 3GPP system for the years 2010 to 2020
and beyond.
It shall especially compete with WIMAX
802.16e/m
It must keep the support for high and highest
mobility users like in GSM/UMTS networks
The architectural changes are big compared to
UMTS
LTE shall be ready for commercial launch around
2010.
 What are the LTE challenges?
The Users expectation ..leads to the operators challenges

Best price, transparent flat rate reduce cost per bit

Full Internet
Click-bang responsiveness
Devices & applications drive
traffic growth
provide high data rate
provide low latency
Reduction of network cost is
necessary to remain profitable
Revenues and Traffic
decoupled
Traffic

Traffic volume
Revenue

/bit
Profitability

Network
cost
Voice dominated Data dominated

Time
Source: Light Reading (adapted)

LTE: lower cost per bit and improved end user experience
LTE = Long Term Evolution

Next step for

GSM/WCDMA/HSPA A true global roaming technology
and CDMA

Peak data rates of

173 Mbps/58 Mbps
Enhanced consumer experience
Low latency 10-20
ms

Scalable bandwidth Easy to introduce on any

of 1.4 20 MHz frequency band

OFDM technology
Flat, scalable IP based Decreased cost / GB
architecture
History and Future of Wireless

1990 2000 2005 2010

mobility
time

HSDPA/EUL SAE(LTE)
WCDMA/cdma2000
HIGH GSM/IS95 3G Enhancement 3G Evolution
3G
AMPS 2G
1G

802.16a/d 802.16e
LOW

802.11 802.11a/b/g 802.11n

data rates

< 200 kbps < 1 Mbps < 10 Mbps < 50 Mbps < 100 Mbps < 1 Gbps
Networks Architecture Evolution

HSPA Direct tunnel I-HSPA LTE

HSPA R6 HSPA R7 HSPA R7 LTE R8

GGSN GGSN GGSN SAE GW

SGSN SGSN SGSN MME/SGSN

RNC RNC
Evolved
Node B Node B Node B + Node B
(NB) (NB) RNC (eNB)
Functionality
 Current alternatives for wireless data
transmission
WiMAX WLAN (802.11) HSDPA (High
802.11n offers data Speed Downlink
802.16 working rates up to 550..630 Packet Access)
group of IEEE Mbps utilizing MIMO Pushes the
(Multiple Input downlink packet bit
first offered only bit Multiple Output) rates to over 10
rates around 100 In addition to this Mbps on physical
Mbps for stationary quality of service layer (around 7.2
usage (QoS) is now also Mbps above
part of WLAN, which physical layer).
New versions of will make it possible
802.16 to do streaming or
(802.16e/m) will VoIP via WLAN.
offer bit rates up to WLAN still lacks
support for high
1 Gbps stationary mobility users, but
and around 100 this has never been
Mbps for mobile a major design goal
usage. for 802.11 working
group.
The right solution for each segment

W-CDMA/HSPA WiMAX LTE

For operators with 3G spectrum Fixed or mobile network operators with Mainstream; 3G evolution leverage large
Broad terminal eco system WiMAX spectrum installed 3G base
High data security and QoS Device eco system started to evolve Utilizes 2G and 3G spectrum efficient re-
Quick and cost-effective upgrade Optimized wireless-DSL services farming with flexible bandwidth
of existing networks High capacity and low latency Broad terminal eco system expected
Seamless 2G/3G handover Flat and IP based architecture Highest capacity, lowest latency
global coverage, global roaming Short term availability Very flat and IP based architecture
Proven technology

Spectrum availability Spectrum availability Economy Spectrum availability

Economy of scale and cost impact Economy of scale and cost impact of scale and cost impact

IPR Variety of IPR Variety of IPR Variety of

regime terminals regime terminals regime terminals

Compatibility Compatibility Compatibility

Voice Voice Voice
with existing with existing with existing
performance performance performance
standards standards standards

Lean Broadband data Lean Broadband data Lean Broadband data

architecture performance architecture performance architecture performance

High speed data rates High speed data with Broadband multimedia
with full mobility limited mobility with full mobility
 WiMAX and HSPA/LTE Technology Positioning

Spectrum
Licenced
HSPA for paired FDD spectrum HSPA/LTE
FDD band
LTE initially for paired FDD
spectrum Licenced
WiMAX
WiMAX initially for unpaired TDD TDD band
spectrum
Interworking
Tight interworking between 3GPP
technologies (HSPA, LTE) including cdma
common network management and
handovers GSM
Loose interworking between 3GPP WCDMA
and WiMAX LTE

Terminals and services

LTE terminals include GSM/HSPA for full coverage
WiMAX/LTE initially in USB modems and embedded
in laptops while GSM/HSPA supports also CS voice
HSPA/LTE/WiMAX for broadband IP services
Harmonization of HSPA and LTE

HSPA and LTE have been developed by the same

standardization organization. The target has been
simple multimode implementation.
HSPA and LTE have in common
Sampling rate using the same clocking frequency
Same kind of Turbo coding
The harmonization of these parameters is important as
sampling and Turbo decoding are typically done on hardware
due to high processing requirements
WiMAX and LTE do not have such harmonization
 Performance Numbers
Mobile Technology Capability Limits
WCDMA HSPA HSPA R7 WiMAX TDD LTE R8 FDD WLAN
R6 (HSPA+) 20 MHz 2x20 MHz 802.11g/n

Theoretical peak bit rate in ideal 54 Mbps

case DL/UL 14 / 5 Mbps 42 / 11 Mbps 80 / 16 Mbps 160 / 50 Mbps
260Mbps

Latency (round trip) 50 ms 30 ms 30 ms 10 ms <5 ms

Spectral efficiency data

0.7 / 0.4 1.4 / 0.6 1.5 / 0.6 2.1 / 0.9 <0.51.0
DL/UL [bps/Hz/cell]
Spectral efficiency voice 1823 30 18 4555 12
[users/MHz/cell]

Max path loss 1 Mbps / 64 kbps 162 dB 162 dB 153 dB 162 dB 110 dB

Spectrum IMT-2000 bands IMT-2000 bands 2300, 2500, 3500 IMT-2000 bands 2400, 5400

Cell range in urban area (indoor 2.87.4 km 2.87.4 km 0.61.5 km 2.87.4 km 30100 m
outdoor)

All radio standards show comparable performance under comparable conditions and similar feature set:
Laws of physics apply to all of them (Shannon Theory)
User rates mainly depend on bandwidth, modulation/coding and availability of MIMO (2x2 assumed)
Spectrum Efficiency is determined by Frequency Reuse and Feature Set (e.g. FSPS, MIMO, )
Latency (e.g. PING Performance) depends on chosen Frame Duration or TTI
Coverage depends on frequency band, RF power limitations and duplex mode
Wimax & LTE, 3G and HSPA
FEATURES AND Wimax/LTE 3G HSPA
TECHNIQUES
Frequency reuse 4-1(WiMAX) 1 (LTE) 1 1
Terminal antenna Omni or directional Omni Omni
Channel impairment Sensitive to doppler Sensitive to Sensitive to
multipath multipath
Base station antenna Directional, array Directional Directional
Main radio KPI SINR EcNo EcNo (SINR)
Dominant Traffic Data Voice Data
Handover Scheme HHO SHO HHO (HSDPA)
SHO (HSUPA)
Own-cell Interference Adjacent subcarriers Other codes in the Other codes in the
at high doppler cell, non- cell, non-
orthogonality orthogonality
issues issues
Capacity Expansion Increasing the More carriers More carriers
OFDMA bandwidth using Inter-
or more carriers frequency
Handover
LTE Schedule

E2E concept including devices from the beginning

Commercial solutions
in 2009/2010

Operator trials in 2009

System trials in 2008 Industry Activities

to verify standards,
Proof of concept / performance and interoperability
demonstrator available

Standardization
LTE/SAE key Requirements
User experience ARPU Investment Protection

Throughput Latency
Re-use of
Sites and
infrastructure
Backhauling
Frequency bands
HSPA LTE HSPA LTE

Low cost per Mbyte Scalable bandwidth

Optimized spectrum usage
Cost per Mbyte
900 MHz GSM UMTS

or
900 MHz GSM LTE

3G 3.5G iHSPA LTE 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020
user experience

Throughput Latency

HSPA LTE HSPA LTE

Increased Throughput and reduced latency:

drives subscriber uptake
allow for new applications
provide additional revenue streams
Low cost per Mbyte

Cost per Mbyte

Low cost per bit:

enable cost efficient flat-
3G 3.5G iHSPA LTE

rate pricing models

drive subscriber uptake
Decreasing

Flatrate x Cost per

Mbyte
3G

3.5G
iHSPA

LTE

Traffic (MByte/Month)
Profitable not profitable
General Requirements for LTE
Requirements Excerpt
significantly increased downlink bit rates
Requirements Input (>100 Mbps)
significantly increased uplink bit rates (50
Mbps)
Demand for higher
data rates increased cell edge bit rates
low delay
Demand for quality of
service, lower delay
higher spectrum efficiency
2G/3G spectrum refarming for LTE
Expected new spectrum scalable bandwidth per cell (operator
allocations
choice)
Request for flexible acceptable Network and Terminal
bandwidth usage complexity and costs (lower than
WCDMA)
Demand for reduced
Network complexity Flet Network Architecture: 2 nodes
Architecture: one NE in RAN + 1NE in
Demand for reduced Core
Terminal complexity
IP Based interfaces
optimization for low speed (0-15 km/h)
but support for high and highest speed
(up to 500 km/h)
compatibility with WCDMA
Requirements for LTE Air Interface
OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access)

HSDPA Target SAE/LTE

(Rel6)
Peak Bit Rate 14.4 > 100 144
(Mbps)
Spectral 0.75 3..4 times 1.84
Efficiency HSDPA
(bps/Hz/s)
Cell Edge 0.006 2..3 times 0.0148
Throughput HSUPA
(bps/Hz/s)

DOWNLINK

UPLINK

SC-FDMA (Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access)

HSUPA Target SAE/LTE

(Rel6)
Peak Bit Rate 5.67 > 50 57
(Mbps)
Spectral 0.26 2..3 times 0.67
Efficiency HSUPA
(bps/Hz/s)
Cell Edge 0.006 2..3 times 0.015
Throughput HSUPA
(bps/Hz/s)

SC-FDMA is technically close to OFDMA, but is more power efficient

LTE Requirements: Latency

User Plane Latency

cell IP Network
Gateway
< 5 ms (unloaded condition)

Control Plane Latency

IDLE ACTIVE
(no resources)

Resource
No resource
Allocated

< 100 ms
< 50 ms
 Overview of LTE/SAE design benefits

Flat Overall Architecture Access Core Control

2-node architecture
All-IP
LTE BTS MME/GW IMS HLR/HSS
(eNodeB)

Improved Radio Principles RF Modulation:

peak data rates [Mbps ]: 173 DL , 58 UL OFDMA in DL
Scalable BW: 1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15, 20 MHz SC-FDMA in UL
Short latency: 10 20 ms
RAN MME GW
New Core Architecture
Simplified Protocol Stack
Simple, more efficient QoS eUtran
Internet High Speed Packet Access (I- HSPA)

The key idea in I-HSPA technology is to integrate the RNC

packet switched functionality into the Node B. this rather
radical change when compared to earlier network
implementations- considerably simplifies the network
architecture, and several bottlenecks of the network will be
removed.
In addition, I-HSPA takes full advantage of existing HSDPA
and HSUPA technologies, thus enabling fully the technical
potential of the networks and allowing more efficient use of
scarce frequency spectrum.
I-HSPA offers ways to flatten the network architecture,
which provides several benefits to include simplified
network architecture, reduced operating and capital
expenditure and easier network management.
Internet High Speed Packet Access (I- HSPA)
3G Femto Home Access Solution

3 Key Elements for making 3G Femto Home Access

reality
The Perfect Solution - 3G Femto Home Access
Solution
3G Femto Home Access Solution

Provides coverage and capacity for homes and for small

offices
Enables high quality 3G services
Off-load macro cell
Broadband used as backhaul
Plug and play installation and self configuration
Increases revenues
New operator service offerings
Increases customer loyalty
Supports all 3G handsets
3G Femto Home Access Solution
Appendix

UMTS Specifications:
The following figure is taken directly from the specification and
identifies where to find information on the types of services that
have been covered in this module:
Review

1. WAP/WTA was developed to:

a. Support exclusively MexE.
b. To design and program application locally on the ME.
c. To allow interaction between the SCP and the ME.
d. To support radio interface protocols.

2. The abbreviation OSA stands for Open Systems

Architecture.
a. True
b. False
Review

3. Which of the following is, or will be, a characteristic of the

Virtual Home Environment (VHE) (Choose two)?
a. Allows the subscribers to use their services whilst
roaming.
b. It is only possible in UMTS.
c. It is the same as a SMSC (Short Message Service
Centre).
d. VHE is possible because of CAMEL.
e. VHE is located within the HLR.
f. Enable the creation of services to the subscribers to
customize their own environment.
Review

4. A cluster is:
a. A location area.
b. An area of cells, where the hole set of frequency is used
once.
c. Cellular network of one operator.
d. Coverage area of one BSC.
e. Coverage area of one BTS.

5. What does Handover means?

a. Changing the cell during a connection.
b. Changing the area of one PLMN.
c. Changing the location area.
d. Changing the cell while there is no connection.
Review

6. How many HF channels do GSM 900 offers?

a. 19
b. 174
c. 374
d. 124

7. Which features does not belong to GSM phase 2+?

a. Blue Tooth
b. ASCI
c. HR
d. EFR
e. CAMEL
Review

8. How much peak data rate LTE offers?

a. 173 DL, 58 UL (Mbps)
b. 110 Dl, 58 UL (Mbps)
c. 173 DL, 158 UL (Mbps)
d. 17 DL, 8 UL (Mbps)

9. What benefit operators are getting from LTE?

a. Best price, transparent flat rate
b. Full Internet
c. Click-bang responsiveness
d. provide low latency