Non metallic Denture base materials

Unfilled
Conventional
Heat cured
PMMA Reinforced
High impact
Auto polymerized Carbon Glass fiber
PMMA

Injection
Molded
PMMA
Polycarbonate
Nylon
 Acrylic resin
Is made by addition process
free radical addition
polymerization
a denture consists of denture
base and artificial teeth,
different materials have been
made to construct a denture
bases
The ideal requirement of denture base material

1-Acrylic resin more aesthetics.

2-High impact strength , fatigue strength, stiffness and
hardness.
3-Good thermal conductivity to maintain healthy tissues.
4- Low density to help denture retention.
5-Easy to repair.
6-Easy to manipulate.
7-Goog shelf life.
8-Inexpensive.
9-Dimensionally stable and maintain surface details.
10-Good retention to base metals ,porcelain teeth and acrylic
teeth.
11-Radio-opaque to be seen in x-ray if swallowed.
21-Not toxic or irritant to the oral tissues.
 Composition of acrylic resin

An acrylic resin denture is made by the

process of free radical addition
polymerization to form
polymethylmethacrylate.
The monomer is methylmethacrylate.
The resins are available in either heat
cured or self-cured.
 Composition Of Heat Cured Resin
Powder
1. Beads or granules of polymethyl
methacrylate. The granules dissolve more
rapidly and hence shorten the dough time.
2. Benzyl peroxide- Initiator.
3. Plasticizers - dibutyl phthalate. to produce a
less brittle.
4. Opacifiers- Titanium / zinc oxides .to be
seen in the x-ray if swallowed.
5. Pigments / dyes to give the natural tissue
like appearance.
6. Synthetic fibers - nylon / Acrylic. to
simulate blood vessels of the oral tissues.
 Liquid
1. Methylmethacrylate monomer
2. Inhibitor - Hydroquinone to react
with any free radical that may
form in the liquid.
3. Cross - linking agent - ethylene
glycol dimethacrylate cross
linking agent ,to improve the
mechanical properties.
 Manipulation
1-proportioning: The polymer /powder ratio is 3:1
by volume or 2.5:1 by weight,
Using this ratio will decrease the
polymerization shrinkage from 21 % to 6-7 %
Too Much Powder
Could result in under - wetting of the polymer beads
by the monomer resulting in a weak material .
Too Much Monomer
will produce excessive polymerization shrinkage
and a loss of quality of fit to the denture bearing
area surface
1. Sandy stage :It is incoherent mass is formed like
sand
2. Sticky or fibrous stage: The polymer begins to
dissolve in the monomer .
3. Dough stage :The material becomes smooth and
does not stick to the mixing gar or hands and it is
easily manipulated ,this is the ideal stage for
packing.
4. Rubbery stage: The material can not be shaped.
5. Stiff stage: If the material is left longer it
becomes stiff.
 Packing
When the material reaches the dough stage it is
ready for packing in the flask
If packed in sandy or sticky stages the material will
be of high fluidity and will flow out of the flask
resulting in denture porosity.
If packed in rubbery o stiff stage, the material will
not flow under pressure, this result denture
without details and with fractured teeth.
The acrylic should be packed with excess to
decrease polymerization shrinkage from 7
%to0.2 %
Sufficient pressure should be applied on the mold
to avoid shrinkage porosity.
 Curing
After packing the flask under pressure is placed
in water path at 72 0C using either
long or short curing cycles
Under curing will result in a denture with high
residual monomer lead to tissue irritation and
inferior properties.
Over curing will result in boiling of the monomer
(100.3 0C )due to added of heat of
polymerization and as a result the monomer
will vaporize leaving pores inside the denture
(gaseous porosity).
 Cooling- Deflasking- Finishing and polishing

The flask should be cooled slowly to release the internal

stresses
Deflasking
Should be done with care to avoid breaking of the denture.
Finishing and polishing
Properties
Residual monomer
Even in a properly cured acrylic denture,0.2- 0.5 %of
the monomer remains curing at too low temperature
or for too short time results in higher residual
monomer this should be avoided because it is more
irritant to the oral tissues, it act as plasticizer and
make the denture more flexible and weaker
 Types of Porosity
It is undesirable effects on both strength and
optical properties of the denture
 Water sorption
Acrylic dentures absorb water by 2% of its weight,
each 1% increase in weight causes a liner
expansion of 0.22 %.
Also drying out the acrylic dentures is associated
with shrinkage.
Water sorption is an advantage to compensate the
processing shrinkage
which is 0.44 % (the polymerization and the thermal
shrinkage occurring when cooling from (72 0C to
20 0C )So dentures should be kept wet all the time
when not in service.
 Crazing
Is an actual mechanical separation of the polymer
chains or group of chains under tensile stresses.
And it has weakening effect on the denture.
Causes:
a- Continuous stresses due to repeated drying and
wetting of the denture.
b- Difference in coefficiency of thermal expansion
between acrylic denture base and porcelain teeth.
c- Action of solvents e.g. alcohol ,acetone
chloroform , monomer when a denture is repaired
and may cause crazing.
End