Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Ob
Ob
By : Abhishek Pokhrel
Organizational Behavior
A field of study that investigates the impact that individuals, groups,
and structure have on behavior within organizations, for the purpose
of applying such knowledge toward improving an organizations
effectiveness.
Contd.
Organizational behavior is the systematic study of human behavior,
attitudes and performance within an organizational setting; drawing
on theory methods and principles from such disciplines as psychology,
sociology and cultural anthropology to learn about individual
perceptions, values, learning capacities and actions while working in
groups and careful application of knowledge about how people- as
individuals and as groups- act within the total organization;
analyzing the external environments effect on the organization and
its human resources, missions, objectives and strategies.
Elaboration
a. Way of thinkingrequires clearly identifying the level of analysis
(individual, group, organizational).
b. Multi-disciplinarydraws principles, theories, and models from
psychology, sociology and cultural anthropology.
c. Humanistic orientationassumes that individual feelings, attitudes,
perceptions, goals, etc., are important to the organization.
Contd..
d. Performance-orientedfocusing on whether and why
individual/group/organization performance is high, moderate, or low.
e. External environmentsubstantially impacts organizational
behavior.
f. Scientific methodplays a critical role in OB research.
g. Applications orientedconcerned with providing useful/applicable
answers to management problems.
The goals of organizational behaviour.
To describe systematically how people behave under variety of
conditions
To understand why people behave as they do
Predicting future employee behavior
Control at least partially and develop some human activity at work.
Basic Assumption
1. The Nature of People
2. The Nature of Organization
The Nature of People
Individual differences
A whole person
Caused behavior
Value of the person
Individual Differences
Every individual has different physical, characteristics, priorities,
perception and way of expression.
Unique talent , intelligences, personality and so on.
Manager need to consider these differences because they affect on
the job behaviors of employees.
Therefore, every person should be selected, trained and treated on
the basis of what the kind of person s/he is .
A Whole Person
A person should be accepted as a whole person. That means when an
employee come to the workplace as a complete person, he/she has
his/her background, sentiment, emotion , feeling.
It cannot be separated from the skill they are using on the job.
Caused Behavior
Human beings do not exhibit behavior randomly; rather is caused by
some motive , need , want or any drives.
Employee behavior is directed towards the goal and it can be caused
by some motives, belief system , perception , understanding,
education, experience and environment.
Managers need to motivate employee, and determine what
managerial action satisfy human needs what action threaten their
need fulfillments.
Value of the person ( Human Dignity)
Human dignity appeals for fair treatment to people.
This concept tells that people should be treated differently as
compared to other resources in the organization.
It calls for self respect and value of people.
People should be properly treated and given the value and
recoginition for their valued contribution.
Social System
Organization are social systems which is established by human
association and governed by psychological laws or rules.
Like in social system, interrelation, interaction and interdependency
between people continue till and organization exists.
Peoples behavior is influenced by their own need as well as
organizational goals.
The idea of social system provides a framework for analyzing
organizational behavior issues.
It helps to make organizational behavior problems understandable
and manageable.
Mutual Interest
Organization needs people and people also need organization.
People need organization as a means to achieve their goals and
organization need people to achieve organizational goals.
There is clear give and take relationship between people and
organization .
Significance/ Importance of OB
OB helps in understanding organization and employees in a better
way.
OB helps in motivating employees.
OB helps in improving Industrial/ Labor relations.
OB helps in predicting and controlling human behavior.
OB helps in effective utilization of human resources.
OB helps in understanding organization and employees in a
better way.
Perception
Perception involves the way we view the world around us. It adds,
meaning to information gathered via the five senses of touch, smell,
hearing, vision and taste. Perception is the primary vehicle through
which we come to understand our surroundings and ourselves.
Perception can be defined as a process by which individuals organize
and interpret their sensory impressions in order to give meaning to
their environment.
Factor Influencing Perception
Attitude
Attitudes: The perceiver's attitudes affect perception. For example,
suppose Mr. X is interviewing candidates for a very important position
in his organization a position that requires negotiating contracts with
suppliers, most of whom are male. Mr X may feel that women are not
capable of holding their own in tough negotiations. This attitude will
doubtless affect his perceptions of the female candidates he
interviews
Moods
e.g. attention of a work will normally be more on the conveyer belt rather than the wall
paintings
Sounds
Loud people are more likely to be noticed in a group than quiet ones
Size
Size:
e.g. a 6 feet 5 or 3ft inches tall boss may receive more attention
than a 5 foot 7 inches tall boss
Background
Repetition:
Repetition:
Principle of Similarity
Principle of Proximity
Tendency to perceive
stimuli which are near
one another as
belonging together
Proximity
Background
The relationship of a target to its background influences perception
because of our tendency to group close things and similar things
together.
Objects that are close to each other will tend to be perceived
together rather than separately. As a result of physical or time
proximity, we often put together objects or events that are unrelated.
For examples, employees in a particular department are seen as a
group. If two employees of a department suddenly resign, we tend to
assume their departures were related when in fact, they might be
totally unrelated.
Factors that Influence Perception
Selective Perception
Stereotype
Halo Effect
First-impression error
Contrast Effect
Projection
Selective Perception
Selective Perception: We receive a vast amount of information.
Therefore, it is impossible for us to assimilate everything we see - on
eye certain stimuli can betaken. That is why their boss may reprimand
some employees for doing something that when done by another
employee goes unnoticed. Since, we can't observe everything going
on about us, we engage in selective perception.Selective perception is
also out tendency to choose information that supports our view
points; Individuals often ignore information that makes them feel
uncomfortable or threatens their view points.
Selective perception allows us to "speed-read" others, but not
without the risk of drawing an inaccurate picture. Because we see
what we want to see, we can draw unwarranted conclusions from an
ambiguous, perception tends to be influenced more by an individual's
attitudes, interests, and background than by the stimulus itself.