The document discusses different types of displacement measurement. It focuses on the linear variable differential transformer (LVDT) and rotary variable differential transformer (RVDT). The LVDT consists of a primary coil and two secondary coils on a hollow cylindrical former, with a movable core inside. Translational displacement is measured based on induced voltages in the secondaries from core position. The RVDT operates similarly but measures rotational displacement via an iron core within stator coils. Both have advantages like sensitivity and size, with LVDTs having infinite resolution and RVDTs being temperature stable.
The document discusses different types of displacement measurement. It focuses on the linear variable differential transformer (LVDT) and rotary variable differential transformer (RVDT). The LVDT consists of a primary coil and two secondary coils on a hollow cylindrical former, with a movable core inside. Translational displacement is measured based on induced voltages in the secondaries from core position. The RVDT operates similarly but measures rotational displacement via an iron core within stator coils. Both have advantages like sensitivity and size, with LVDTs having infinite resolution and RVDTs being temperature stable.
The document discusses different types of displacement measurement. It focuses on the linear variable differential transformer (LVDT) and rotary variable differential transformer (RVDT). The LVDT consists of a primary coil and two secondary coils on a hollow cylindrical former, with a movable core inside. Translational displacement is measured based on induced voltages in the secondaries from core position. The RVDT operates similarly but measures rotational displacement via an iron core within stator coils. Both have advantages like sensitivity and size, with LVDTs having infinite resolution and RVDTs being temperature stable.
a) Translational Displacement b) Rotational Displacement
The motion of a body in a straight line between two
points is called translational displacement. The motion of a body of angular type, about some rotation axis is called rotational displacement. Linear variable differential transformer (LVDT) The LVDT is also called Linear Variable Differential Transducer. Construction : The LVDT consists of a single primary winding P1 and two secondary windings S1 and S2 wound on a hollow cylindrical former . The secondaries have an equal number of turns but they are connected in series opposition so that the e.m.f.s induced in the coils oppose each other.A movable soft iron core slides inside the hollow former. The core made up of nickel- iron alloy. The displacement to be measured is applied to an arm attached to the core. With the core in the center the induced e.m.f.s in the secondaries are equal so output voltage is zero. Working : When an extremely applied force moves the core to the left-hand position, more magnetic flux links the right-handed coil.The e.m.f. induced in the left hand coil , ES1 , is therefore larger than the induced e.m.f of the right hand coil , ES2. The magnitude of the output voltage is then equal to the difference between two secondary voltages and it is in phase with the voltage of left hand coil. Similary, when the core of force to move to right , more flux links the right hand coil then the left hand coil and the resulting output voltage , which is the difference between ES2 and ES1 , is now in phase with the e.m.f of the right hand coil. Thus the LVDT output voltages is a function of the core position. The amount of a voltage change in either secondary winding is proportional to the amount of movement of core. By nothing which output is incresing or decreasing , the direction of the motion can be determined. The output AC voltage inverse in phase as the core passes through the center null position. Further as the core moves from the center , the greater is the difference in the value between ES1 and ES2. Advantages and Disadvantages Advantages of LVDT The transducers possess a high sensitivity. The transducers have low hysteresis and hence repeatability is excellent under all conditions. They have infinite resolution. They are simple, light in weight and easy to maintain. Disadvantages of LVDT They are sensitive to stray magnetic fields but shielding is possible. They are inherently low in power output. Temperature affects the performance of transducer. Applications The LVDT can be used in all applications where displacements ranging from fraction of a mm to a few cm have to be measured.
Acting as a secondary transducer it can be
used as a device to measure force, weight and pressure. Rotary Variable Differential Transformer
A Rotary Variable Differential Transformer
(RVDT) is an electromechanical transducer that provides a variable alternating current (AC) output voltage that is linearly proportional to the angular displacement of its input shaft. When energized with a fixed AC source, the output signal is linear within a specified range over the angular displacement. Basic RVDT construction and operation is provided by rotating an iron-core bearing supported within a housed stator assembly. The housing is passivated stainless steel. The stator consists of a primary excitation coil and a pair of secondary output coils.
A fixed alternating current excitation is applied to the primary
stator coil that is electromagnetically coupled to the secondary coils. This coupling is proportional to the angle of the input shaft. The output pair is structured so that one coil is in-phase with the excitation coil, and the second is 180 degrees out-of-phase with the excitation coil. When the rotor is in a position that directs the available flux equally in both the in-phase and out-of-phase coils, the output voltages cancel and result in a zero value signal. This is referred to as the electrical zero position When the rotor shaft is displaced from zero position, the resulting output signals have a magnitude and phase relationship proportional to the direction of rotation.
Because RVDTs perform essentially like a transformer,
excitation voltages changes will cause directly proportional changes to the output (transformation ratio). However, the voltage out to excitation voltage ratio will remain constant. Advantages Low sensitivity to temperature, primary voltage & frequency variations Sturdiness Low cost Simple control electronics Small size