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PHIL123 - 2007 Creative Thinking Dan Turton
PHIL123 - 2007 Creative Thinking Dan Turton
PHIL123 - 2007 Creative Thinking Dan Turton
Thinking
Problem Solving
What is a Problem?
A problem arises when a living creature has a goal but
does not know how this goal is to be reached.
[A problem exists] whenever one cannot go from the given
situation to the desired situation simply by action. [K.
Dunker, On Problem Solving, (1945) p. 1]
The Screw
The Lever
Archimedes
The Mirror
The Claw
Archimedes puzzle
2. Analytic Techniques
3. Brainstorming
4. Role Playing
Associative Techniques
1. Compare something familiar to something
unfamiliar.
a) Close analogy e.g. apples and pears
b) Remote analogy e.g. Pringles
c) Forced analogy
Forced Analogy 1
The problem: recreating that dazzling 360
degree panoramic holiday view
The forced analogy: a wreath
The answer!
Forced Analogy 2
The problem: vertigo
The forced analogy: swimming
The answer!
Forced Analogy 3
The problem: Carrying lots of shopping
when its raining
The forced analogy: a tennis player
The answer!
Analytic Techniques
2. Breaking a problem down into smaller parts
E.g. How can I make the All Blacks win the
Rugby World Cup?
A 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0
B 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0
C 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0
1 on, 0 off
The Main Message
Solving real problems is a two step process:
Safe assumption: x y z
2 old high school math club pals meet up after
many years
The product of their ages is 36:
x y z
36 1 1
18 2 1
12 3 1
9 4 1
9 2 2
6 6 1
6 3 2
4 3 3
2 old high school math club pals meet up after
many years
The sum of their ages is equal to the number of
windows in the building next to us
x y z
36 + 1 + 1 = 38
18 + 2 + 1 = 21
12 + 3 + 1 = 16
9 + 4 + 1 = 14
9 + 2 + 2 = 13
6 + 6 + 1 = 13
6 + 3 + 2 = 11
4 + 3 + 3 = 10
How can I best represent a problem?
Suggestion 2: Make sure you represent everything
explicit in the original statement of the problem.
There are five houses, each of a different color and inhabited by men of different
nationalities, with one unique pet, drink, and car. Some facts are given:
Color
Drink
Country
Car
Pet
House 1 2 3 4 5
Color blue
Drink milk
Country Norwegian
Car
Pet
7 6 2 4 5
5 8 2
6 9 3 8
8 9 5
1 2 6 3
3 1 9
9 3 6 4
5 9 8
4 2 9 6 7
7 6 2 4 5
5 8 2
6 9 3 8
8 9 5
1 2 6 3
3 1 9
9 3 6 4
5 9 8 4
4 2 9 6 7
How can I best represent a problem?
Suggestion 2: Make sure you represent everything
explicit in the original statement of the problem.
How can I best represent a problem?
Suggestion 1: Drop presuppositions that arent explicit
in the original statement of the problem.
Strategy:
Dont freak out!
Dont give a joke answer (e.g. depends if we get Chuck Norris to help)
Suggest a potential approach
Ask them questions
Summary
How to solve problems creatively:
Make sure you represent the problem in the right way!
i. Dont assume restrictions that arent stipulated
ii. Do represent everything explicit in the question
iii. Do compare the structure of the problem with similar
ones
Then generate lots of creative ideas with:
i. Associative techniques
ii. Analytic techniques
iii. Brainstorming
iv. Roleplaying