Alternative Methods of Teaching

Subnet Mask Basics:

Subnet Masking Without Binary Math
David Schamus

Academy Affiliations:
Assistant Professor
Computer Science and Information Technology Dept.
Pierce College, Woodland Hills, CA

Extension Instructor, EIS&TM Department

UCLA Extension

Cisco Networking Academy, US/Canada 2011 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco confidential. 1
 *Bogart: If youre the Cisco Kid, wheres your binary calculator?
Bedoya: Binary? Binary! We dont need no stinkin binary!

Video Not Available Via

Download

Click to play
Ref #3

*The Cisco Kid was not a character in The Treasure of the Sierra Madre with
Humphrey Bogart. So I have grossly mixed my movie metaphors here . Alfonso
Bedoya plays the Gold Hat character in this clip, and, while hard to believe, he
never said Binary? Binary! We dont need no stinkin binary! Ref #4
Cisco Networking Academy, US/Canada 2011 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco confidential. 2
 Introduction and Objectives
Group Activity: List Key Subnet Masking Tasks
For Each {Task} {
The Traditional Approach
The Decimal-Based Alternative
Group Activity}

Classroom Strategies
References and Resources
Questions and Answers

Cisco Networking Academy, US/Canada 2011 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco confidential. 3
 David Schamus (Pronounced Shay-Miss)
MA: Educational Technology, Pepperdine, 2005
CCNA
CCAI
Pierce College Academy
UCLA Extension Academy
Twenty + Years of Computer/Networking Experience
dschamus@bbtraining.com

Cisco Networking Academy, US/Canada 2011 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco confidential. 4
 Provide Alternatives to Binary-Based Subnet Masking Tasks
Focus on the Basic Tasks
Help Our Students !!!
Suitable for CCNA Discovery and Exploration Courses

Cisco Networking Academy, US/Canada 2011 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco confidential. 5
 10101010101010101010
10101010101010101010
10101010101010101010
10101010101010101010
10101010101010101010
10101010101010101010
10101010101010101010
Quick Group Activity 10101010101010101010
10101010101010101010
10101010101010101010
10101010101010101010
10101010101010101010
10101010101010101010
10101010101010101010
10101010101010101010
 Form Groups of Four People

Briefly: Introduce Yourselves to Each Other

Your Name & Academy Name
No Life Stories

Create a Short List of the Tasks or Functions That Require

Subnet Masks

Example: Calculating a Broadcast Address

Time Allocated: 5 Minutes

Cisco Networking Academy, US/Canada 2011 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco confidential. 7
 1 Network Address
2 Are Hosts on Same Network
3 Broadcast Address
4 IP Address Range

Cisco Networking Academy, US/Canada 2011 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco confidential. 8
 10101010101010101010
10101010101010101010
10101010101010101010
10101010101010101010
10101010101010101010
10101010101010101010
10101010101010101010
Some Quick Definitions 10101010101010101010
10101010101010101010
10101010101010101010
10101010101010101010
10101010101010101010
10101010101010101010
10101010101010101010
10101010101010101010
 Network:
A collection of network nodes that can communicate at OSI
Layer 3 (IP, of course) without passing through a router
Subnet or Subnetwork
Identical to a Network for the purpose of this session*
Internetwork (or internet with a lower case i):
A collection of inter-connected networks

*In Class-oriented networking, a network whose IP address range is a subset

of addresses taken from the class address range (no bearing on this session)

Cisco Networking Academy, US/Canada 2011 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco confidential. 10
 INT

Natural numbers with no fractional component.

For this presentation

11 / 4 = 2.75

INT(11 / 4) = 2

The number is not rounded upward even when the

fractional component => .5

Cisco Networking Academy, US/Canada 2011 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco confidential. 11
 Binary to Decimal Equivalents

Decimal Value Binary Octet Equivalent

0 00000000
1 00000001
254 11111110
255 11111111
Cisco Networking Academy, US/Canada 2011 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco confidential. 12
 10101010101010101010
10101010101010101010
10101010101010101010
10101010101010101010
10101010101010101010
Task 1: 10101010101010101010
10101010101010101010
Calculating Network 10101010101010101010
10101010101010101010
Addresses 10101010101010101010
10101010101010101010
10101010101010101010
10101010101010101010
10101010101010101010
10101010101010101010
 Traditional Binary Method

The Decimal-Based Alternative

Group Activity: Try It!

Cisco Networking Academy, US/Canada 2011 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco confidential. 14
 Definition: A network address is an address
where all of the host bits are binary zeros
Information Needed: IP and Mask
Steps to Calculate Network Address
Convert Source IP Address to Binary
Convert Source Mask to Binary
Calculate Binary AND Result
Convert Result Back to Decimal

Cisco Networking Academy, US/Canada 2011 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco confidential. 15
 Example 1: IP: 10.1.1.84 Mask: 255.255.255.224

Convert to Binary, Perform AND Operation

IP 00001010.00000001.00000001.01010100
Mask 11111111.11111111.11111111.11100000
AND 00001010.00000001.00000001.01000000
Wow, thats a lot of digits, with lots of room for errors!

Convert AND Result Back to Decimal

10.1.1.64 is the network address

Cisco Networking Academy, US/Canada 2011 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco confidential. 16
 Information Needed: IP and Mask

The Obvious: (Network Octets)

In Octets with a 255 Mask Value
The IP Address Octet Remains Unchanged

The Obvious: (Host Octets)

In Octets with a Mask Value of Zero (if any)
Change the IP Address to a Zero In That Octet (makes host bits all binary 0s)

Decimal Alternative
In the Only Remaining Octet
256-Mask = Result (if 4th octet, this is also the network size)
INT(IP/Result) = Net
Result*Net = Network Address

Cisco Networking Academy, US/Canada 2011 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco confidential. 17
 Information: IP: 10.1.1.84
1st Example Mask: 255.255.255.224

The Obvious Octets:

Network: If Mask=255, No Change to IP values 10.1.1.???
Host: If Mask = 0, Convert IP to 0 N/A
In the One Remaining Octet:
256-Mask=Result 256-224 = 32
INT(IP/Result)=SrcNet INT(84/32)=2
Result*SrcNet=NetAddr 32*2=64

Network Address = 10.1.1.64

Cisco Networking Academy, US/Canada 2011 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco confidential. 18
 Information: IP: 172.31.33.84
2nd Example Mask: 255.255.240. 0

The Obvious Octets:

Network: If Mask=255, No Change to IP values 172.31.???.???
Host: If Mask = 0, Convert IP to 0 172.31.???.0
In the One Remaining Octet:
256-Mask=Result 256-240 = 16
INT(IP/Result)=SrcNet INT(33/16)=2
Result*SrcNet=NetAddr 16*2=32

Network Address = 172.31.32.0

Cisco Networking Academy, US/Canada 2011 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco confidential. 19
 10101010101010101010
10101010101010101010
10101010101010101010
10101010101010101010
10101010101010101010
10101010101010101010
Activity: 10101010101010101010
10101010101010101010
Network Addresses 10101010101010101010
10101010101010101010
You Try It! 10101010101010101010
10101010101010101010
10101010101010101010
10101010101010101010
10101010101010101010
 Each person picks one. Help Each Other if Needed

Ex1: IP=192.168.1.80 Mask=255.255.255.224

Ex2: IP=66.124.11.71 Mask=255.255.248.0
Ex3: IP=10.18.9.12 Mask=255.252.0.0
Ex4: IP=172.16.1.160 Mask=255.255.255.240
Helpful Hints:

If Mask = 255, do not change the IP in the corresponding octet

If Mask = 0, convert the IP to 0 in the corresponding octet

In the only remaining octet:

256-Mask = Result
INT(IP/Result) = Net
Result*Net = Answer
Modify the IP in this octet with the Answer
Cisco Networking Academy, US/Canada 2011 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco confidential. 21
 Ex1: Ex3:
IP=192.168.1.80 IP=10.18.9.12
Mask=255.252.0.0
Mask=255.255.255.224 256-252=4
256-224=32 INT(18/4)=4
INT(80/32)=2 4*4=16
2*32=64 Net Address = 10.16.0.0
Net Addr = 192.168.1.64
Ex4:
IP=172.16.1.160
Ex2: Mask=255.255.255.240
IP=66.124.11.71 256-240=16
Mask=255.255.248.0 INT(160/16)=10
256-248=8 10*16=160
INT(11/8)=1 Net Address = 172.16.1.160
1*8=8
(the given IP was the network addr)
Net Addr = 66.124.8.0

Cisco Networking Academy, US/Canada 2011 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco confidential. 22
 Tasks Binary Decimal
Decimal to Binary Conversions 2 0
Binary to Decimal Conversion 1 0
Total Number of Binary Digits Required 96 0
Grade School Arithmetic Calculations 0 3

Cisco Networking Academy, US/Canada 2011 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco confidential. 23
Cisco Networking Academy, US/Canada 2011 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco confidential. 24
 10101010101010101010
10101010101010101010
10101010101010101010
10101010101010101010
10101010101010101010
10101010101010101010
Task 2: 10101010101010101010
10101010101010101010
Are Hosts on Same Network?
10101010101010101010
10101010101010101010
10101010101010101010
10101010101010101010
10101010101010101010
10101010101010101010
10101010101010101010
 Traditional Binary Method

The Decimal-Based Alternative

Group Activity: Try It!

Cisco Networking Academy, US/Canada 2011 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco confidential. 26
 Information Needed: SrcIP, SrcMask, DstIP

Steps to Determine of Two Hosts are on the Source Network

Convert Source IP Address to Binary
Convert Source Mask to Binary
Binary AND: SrcIP AND SrcMask
Convert Destination IP Address to Binary
Use Source Mask Binary from Above
Binary AND: DstIP AND SrcMask
Compare AND Results:
Identical=Same Network,
Not Identical=Not on Same Network

Cisco Networking Academy, US/Canada 2011 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco confidential. 27
 Information Needed:

Source IP: 10. 1. 1. 34

Source Mask: 255. 255. 255. 240
Dest IP: 10. 1. 1. 68

Cisco Networking Academy, US/Canada 2011 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco confidential. 28
 Information Needed:
Source IP: 10. 1. 1. 34
Source Mask: 255. 255. 255. 240
Dest IP: 10. 1. 1. 68

Source: Convert to Binary, Perform AND

S-IP: 00001010.00000001.00000001.00100010
S-Mask: 11111111.11111111.11111111.11110000
AND: 00001010.00000001.00000001.00100000

Cisco Networking Academy, US/Canada 2011 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco confidential. 29
 Information Needed
Source IP: 10. 1. 1. 34
Source Mask: 255. 255. 255. 240
Dest IP: 10. 1. 1. 68

Source, Convert to Binary and Perform AND

S-IP Bin: 00001010.00000001.00000001.00100010
S-Mask Bin: 11111111.11111111.11111111.11110000
AND Result: 00001010.00000001.00000001.00100000

Destination: Convert to Binary, Perform AND

D-IP: 00001010.00000001.00000001.01000100
S-Mask: 11111111.11111111.11111111.11110000
AND: 00001010.00000001.00000001.01000000
Cisco Networking Academy, US/Canada 2011 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco confidential. 30
 Information Needed
Source IP: 10. 1. 1. 34
Source Mask: 255. 255. 255. 240
Dest IP: 10. 1. 1. 68

Source, Convert to Binary, Perform AND

S-IP Bin: 00001010.00000001.00000001.00100010
S-Mask Bin: 11111111.11111111.11111111.11110000
AND Result: 00001010.00000001.00000001.00100000

Destination, Convert to Binary, Perform AND

D-IP Bin: 00001010.00000001.00000001.01000100
S-Mask Bin: 11111111.11111111.11111111.11110000
AND Result 00001010.00000001.00000001.01000000

Compare Results: Same Network if Identical

00001010.00000001.00000001.00100000
00001010.00000001.00000001.01000000
Not Identical, therefore not same network
Wow, thats a lot of digits, with lots of room for errors!

Cisco Networking Academy, US/Canada 2011 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco confidential. 31
 Information Needed: SrcIP, SrcMask, DstIP

Check the Obvious

In Octets with a 255 Mask Value
Check to See if the SrcIP and DstIP are Identical
If not, stop. Youre done. Theyre not on the same network

Ignore the Unnecessary

Ignore any Octet Where the Mask Value is a Zero!

Decimal Alternative
In the Only Remaining Octet
256-Mask = Result
INT(SrcIP/Result) = SrcNet
INT(DstIP/Result) = DstNet
If SrcNet=DstNet Hosts are on the Same Network

Cisco Networking Academy, US/Canada 2011 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco confidential. 32
 Information Needed:

SrcIP: 10. 5. 18. 25

SrcMask: 255. 255. 224. 0
DstIP: 10. 5. 36. 87

Cisco Networking Academy, US/Canada 2011 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco confidential. 33
 Information Needed:
SrcIP: 10. 5. 18. 25
SrcMask: 255. 255. 224. 0
DstIP: 10. 5. 36. 87

Check the Obvious (Are Network Octets the Same?)

In Octets with a 255 Mask Value:

Octet 1: 10=10
Octet 2: 5=5

So far, they may be on the same network

Cisco Networking Academy, US/Canada 2011 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco confidential. 34
 Gather Data
SrcIP: 10. 5. 18. 25
SrcMask: 255. 255. 224. 0
DstIP: 10. 5. 36. 87

Check the Obvious

In Octets with a 255 Mask Value: Octet 1: 10=10, Octet 2: 5=5

Ignore the Unnecessary (Dont Evaluate Purely Host Octets)

In Octets with a 0 Mask,

Ignore the Octet: (4th Octet in This Example)

So far, they may be on the same network

Cisco Networking Academy, US/Canada 2011 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco confidential. 35
 Gather Data
SrcIP: 10. 5. 18. 25
SrcMask: 255. 255. 224. 0
DstIP: 10. 5. 36. 87

Check the Obvious

In Octets with a 255 Mask Value: Octet 1: 10=10, Octet 2: 5=5

Ignore the Unnecessary

In Octets with a 0 Mask, Ignore the Octet: (4th Octet in This Example)

In the Only Remaining Octet

256-Mask = Result, or 256-224 = 32
INT(SrcIP/Result) = SrcNet = INT(18/32) = 0
INT(DstIP/Result) = DstNet = INT (36/32) = 1

01 Hosts are NOT on the Same Network

Cisco Networking Academy, US/Canada 2011 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco confidential. 36
 10101010101010101010
10101010101010101010
10101010101010101010
10101010101010101010
10101010101010101010
10101010101010101010
Activity: 10101010101010101010
10101010101010101010
Are Hosts on the 10101010101010101010
10101010101010101010
Same Network 10101010101010101010
10101010101010101010
Try it! 10101010101010101010
10101010101010101010
10101010101010101010
 Example 1 Example 2
Last Names A to Q R to Z
Src IP Address 192.168.18.130 192.168.36.194
Src Mask 255.255.255.240 255.255.255.224
Dst IP Address 192.168.18.146 192.163.36.200

Hints: Check the Obvious: In Octets with a 255 Mask Value

Ignore the Unnecessary In Octets with a 0 Mask Value

Decimal Alternative: In the Only Remaining Octet

256-Mask = Result
INT(SrcIP/Result) = SrcNet
INT(DstIP/Result) = DstNet

Cisco Networking Academy, US/Canada 2011 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco confidential. 38
 Example 1:
SrcIP: 192.168.18.130
SrcMask: 255.255.255.240
DstIP: 192.168.18.146

Cisco Networking Academy, US/Canada 2011 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco confidential. 39
 Example 1:
SrcIP: 192.168.18.130
SrcMask: 255.255.255.240
DstIP: 192.168.18.146

Check the Obvious: Octets with a 255 Mask Value

Octet 1: 192=192
Octet 2: 168=168
Octet 3: 18=18

Cisco Networking Academy, US/Canada 2011 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco confidential. 40
 Example 1:
SrcIP: 192.168.18.130
SrcMask: 255.255.255.240
DstIP: 192.168.18.146

Check the Obvious In Octets with a 255 Mask Value

Octet 1: 192=192, Octet 2: 168=168, Octet 3: 18=18

Ignore the Unnecessary (Host Octets)

Ignore Octets with a 0 Mask Value (N/A)

Cisco Networking Academy, US/Canada 2011 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco confidential. 41
 Example 1:
SrcIP: 192.168.18.130
SrcMask: 255.255.255.240
DstIP: 192.168.18.146
Check the Obvious In Octets with a 255 Mask Value
Octet 1: 192=192, Octet 2: 168=168, Octet 3: 18=18

Ignore the Unnecessary In Octets with a 0 Mask Value (N/A)

Decimal Alternative
In the Only Remaining Octet
256-Mask = Result or 256-240=16
INT(SrcIP/Result) = SrcNet or 130/16 = 8
INT(DstIP/Result) = DstNet or 146/16 = 9
Hosts are NOT on the Same Network, 8 9
Cisco Networking Academy, US/Canada 2011 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco confidential. 42
 Example 2:

SrcIP: 192.168.36.194
SrcMask: 255.255.255.224
DstIP: 192.163.36.200
Check the Obvious In Octets with a 255 Mask Value
NOT ON THE SAME NETWORK: 192=192 but 168 163
STOP, Youre Done

How many of you did not catch the 2nd octet???

Cisco Networking Academy, US/Canada 2011 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco confidential. 43
 Tasks
Decimal to Binary Conversions
Binary to Decimal Conversion
Binary AND Operations
Total Number of Binary Digits Required
Grade School Arithmetic Calculations
Binary Decimal
3 0
0 0
2 0
192 0
0 3

Cisco Networking Academy, US/Canada 2011 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco confidential. 44
Cisco Networking Academy, US/Canada 2011 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco confidential. 45
 10101010101010101010
10101010101010101010
10101010101010101010
10101010101010101010
10101010101010101010
10101010101010101010
Task 3: 10101010101010101010
10101010101010101010
Calculating 10101010101010101010
10101010101010101010
Broadcast Addresses 10101010101010101010
10101010101010101010
10101010101010101010
10101010101010101010
10101010101010101010
 Traditional Binary Method

The Decimal-Based Alternative

Group Activity: Try It!

Cisco Networking Academy, US/Canada 2011 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco confidential. 47
 Definition: A broadcast address is an
address where all of the host bits are binary
ones
Information Needed: (IP, Mask)
Binary Method:
Convert Source IP Address to Binary
Convert Source Mask to Binary
Convert All IP Host Bits to Binary Ones
(where mask bit=0 set host bit to 1)
Convert Result Back to Decimal

Cisco Networking Academy, US/Canada 2011 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco confidential. 48
 Example 1: Information Needed
IP and Mask IP: 10.1.1.84 Mask: 255.255.255.224

Convert to Binary, Set Host Bits to 1s

Binary IP 00001010.00000001.00000001.01010100
Binary Mask 11111111.11111111.11111111.11100000
Set Host Bits 00001010.00000001.00000001.01011111
Wow, too many digits, with lots of room for errors in the Bin/Dec conversions!

Convert Back to Decimal

Result: 10.1.1.95 is the broadcast address

Cisco Networking Academy, US/Canada 2011 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco confidential. 49
 Gather Data (IP, Mask)

The Obvious (Octets That are Either Only Network or Only Host)
Octets with a 255 Mask Value The IP Address Octet Remains Unchanged
Octets with a Mask Value of Zero Change the IP Address to 255

Decimal Alternative
In the Only Remaining Octet
256-Mask = Result (if 4th octet, this is also the network size)
INT(IP/Result) = Net
Result*Net = NetAddr
NetAddr + Result - 1 = Broadcast

Logic
NetAddr+Result = Network Address for Next Higher Network
Subtracting 1 Gives Us the Broadcast Address
Cisco Networking Academy, US/Canada 2011 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco confidential. 50
 What About NetAddr+Size+1 Should We Do It As
(NetAddr+Size)-1, or
NetAddr+(Size-1)

Answer:
(NetAddr+Size)-1: Works in most cases, a bit painful for last network
NetAddr+(Size-1): Works all of the time

Cisco Networking Academy, US/Canada 2011 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco confidential. 51
 Information: IP: 10.1.1.84
2nd Example Mask: 255.255.255.224

The Obvious Octets:

Network: If Mask=255, No Change to IP values 10.1.1.???
Host: If Mask = 0, Convert IP to 255 (N/A) 10.1.1.???
In the One Remaining Octet:
256-Mask=Result 256-224 = 32
INT(IP/Result)=SrcNet INT(84/32)=2
Result*SrcNet=NetAddr 32*2=64
NetAddr+Result-1 64+32-1=95

Broadcast Address = 10.1.1.95

Cisco Networking Academy, US/Canada 2011 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco confidential. 52
 Information: IP: 172.31.33.84
2nd Example Mask: 255.255.240. 0

The Obvious Octets:

Network: If Mask=255, Nzo Change to IP values 172.31.???.???
Host: If Mask = 0, Convert IP to 255 172.31.???.255
In the One Remaining Octet:
256-Mask=Result 256-240 = 16
INT(IP/Result)=SrcNet INT(33/16)=2
Result*SrcNet=NetAddr 16*2=32
NetAddr+Result-1 32+16-1=47

Broadcast Address = 172.31.47.255

Cisco Networking Academy, US/Canada 2011 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco confidential. 53
 10101010101010101010
10101010101010101010
10101010101010101010
10101010101010101010
10101010101010101010
10101010101010101010
Activity: 10101010101010101010
10101010101010101010
Broadcast Addresses 10101010101010101010
10101010101010101010
Try it! 10101010101010101010
10101010101010101010
10101010101010101010
10101010101010101010
10101010101010101010
 Information: IP: 172.31.130.84
2nd Example Mask: 255.255.248. 0

The Obvious Octets:

Network: If Mask=255, No Change to IP values
Host: If Mask = 0, Convert IP to 255
Answer On Next Slide
In the One Remaining Octet:
256-Mask=Result
INT(IP/Result)=SrcNet
Result*SrcNet=NetAddr
NetAddr+Result-1

Broadcast Address =

Cisco Networking Academy, US/Canada 2011 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco confidential. 55
 Information: IP: 172.31.130.84
2nd Example Mask: 255.255.248. 0

The Obvious Octets:

Network: If Mask=255, No Change to IP values 172.31.???.???
Host: If Mask = 0, Convert IP to 255 172.31.???.255
In the One Remaining Octet:
256-Mask=Result 256-248 = 8
INT(IP/Result)=SrcNet INT(130/8)=16
Result*SrcNet=NetAddr 8*16=128
NetAddr+Result-1 128+(8-1)=135

Broadcast Address = 172.31.135.255

Cisco Networking Academy, US/Canada 2011 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco confidential. 56
 Tasks Binary Decimal
Decimal to Binary Conversions 2 0
Binary to Decimal Conversion 1 0
Binary: Host Bit Conversion 1 0
Total Number of Binary Digits Required 96 0
Grade School Arithmetic Calculations 0 5

Cisco Networking Academy, US/Canada 2011 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco confidential. 57
Cisco Networking Academy, US/Canada 2011 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco confidential. 58
 10101010101010101010
10101010101010101010
10101010101010101010
10101010101010101010
10101010101010101010
Task 4: 10101010101010101010
10101010101010101010
Range of IP (usable) 10101010101010101010
10101010101010101010
Addresses on Same 10101010101010101010
10101010101010101010
Network 10101010101010101010
10101010101010101010
10101010101010101010
10101010101010101010
 Traditional Binary Method

The Decimal-Based Alternative

Group Activity: Try It!

Cisco Networking Academy, US/Canada 2011 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco confidential. 60
 Information Needed: IP, Mask
Find, then add 1 to network address:
Convert IP to Binary
Convert Mask to Binary
Perform AND operation (to get network address)
Convert the 32nd bit in the network address to 1 (first usable
address)
Convert IP back to decimal
Find, then subtract 1 from broadcast address
Use binary conversion results from first two steps above
Set all host bits to 1, except the 32nd bit (make it zero)
Convert the IP back to decimal

Cisco Networking Academy, US/Canada 2011 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco confidential. 61
 Gather Data (IP: 10.1.4.26 Mask: 255.255.248.0)
IP: 00001010.00000001.00000100.00011010
Mask: 11111111.11111111.11111000.00000000
NetAddr: 00001010.00000001.00000000.00000000
NetAddr+1: 00001010.00000001.00000000.00000001
1st IP *: 10.1.0.1
Bcast: 00001010.00000001.00000111.11111111
Bcast-1: 00001010.00000001.00000111.11111110
Last IP *: 10.1.7.254
Wow, lots of digits and lots of room for error!
* First and last usable IPs

Cisco Networking Academy, US/Canada 2011 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco confidential. 62
 Gather Data (IP, Mask)

Calculate Network Address

Calculate Broadcast Address

Usable/Assignable Addresses are All Address in Between

Its That Simple!

Cisco Networking Academy, US/Canada 2011 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco confidential. 63
 Gather Data (IP: 10.1.4.26 Mask: 255.255.248.0)
NetAddr: Do the obvious first: 10.1.???.0
256-248=8
4/8=0
8*0=0
Network address = 10.1.0.0

Bcast: Do the obvious first: 10.1.???.255

256-248=8
4/8=0
0+8-1 = 7
Broadcast address = 10.1.7.255

Usable: 10.1.0.1 through 10.1.7.254

(all addresses in between the network and broadcast addresses)

Cisco Networking Academy, US/Canada 2011 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco confidential. 64
 10101010101010101010
10101010101010101010
10101010101010101010
10101010101010101010
10101010101010101010
10101010101010101010
10101010101010101010
Activity: 10101010101010101010
10101010101010101010
Addresses Ranges 10101010101010101010
10101010101010101010
10101010101010101010
10101010101010101010
10101010101010101010
10101010101010101010
 Form Groups of 4 People (help each other if needed)

Calculate the Range of Usable IPs for the Following:

Work Individually or In Groups

IP Mask
10.1.24.78 255.255.252.0
192.168.3.130 255.255.255.192
172.31.86.54 255.255.224.0
66.124.12.12 255.255.255.248

Cisco Networking Academy, US/Canada 2011 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco confidential. 66
 Ex1: IP:10.1.24.78
Mask:255.255.252.0
256-252=4
INT(24/4)=6
4*6=24
Net Address = 10.1.24.0
24+4-1=27
Bcast Address = 10.1.27.255
Range: 10.1.24.1 to 10.1.27.254
Ex2: IP:192.168.3.130
Mask=255.255.255.192
256-192=64
INT(130/64)=2
64*2=128
Net Address = 192.168.3.128
128+64-1=191
Bcast Address = 192.168.3.195
Range:
192.168.3.129 to 192.168.3.190
Cisco Networking Academy, US/Canada
Ex3: IP=172.31.86.54
Mask=255.255.224.0
256-224=32
INT(54/32)=1
1*32=32
Net Address = 172.31.86.32
32+32-1=63
Bcast Address = 172.31.86.63
Range: 172.31.86.1 to 172.31.86.62
Ex4 : IP=66.124.12.12
Mask=255.255.255.248
256-248=8
INT(12/8)=1
8*1=8
Net Address = 66.124.12.8
8+8-1=15
Bcast Address = 66.124.12.15
Range:
66.124.12.9 to 66.124.12.14
2011 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco confidential. 67
 Tasks Binary Decimal
Decimal to Binary Conversions 2 0
Binary to Decimal Conversion 2 0
Binary: Host Bit Conversions 3 0
Total Number of Binary Digits Required 192 0
Grade School Arithmetic Calculations 0 8

Note: There is a hybrid binary/decimal method that would slightly simplify the
binary method by adding two grade school math operations and reducing the
number of host bit conversions. But whos counting?

Cisco Networking Academy, US/Canada 2011 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco confidential. 68
Cisco Networking Academy, US/Canada 2011 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco confidential. 69
 10101010101010101010
10101010101010101010
10101010101010101010
10101010101010101010
10101010101010101010
10101010101010101010
Strategies for the 10101010101010101010
10101010101010101010
Classroom (or Virtual 10101010101010101010
10101010101010101010
Classroom) 10101010101010101010
10101010101010101010
10101010101010101010
10101010101010101010
10101010101010101010
 Prerequisite Knowledge

Key Concepts Required

Group vs. Individual Activities

Traditional, Alternative, or Both?

Cisco Networking Academy, US/Canada 2011 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco confidential. 71
 Basic IP Address Structure
What is an Octet
Number of Octets In an IPv4 Address
Number of Bits in an Octet
Values of 0-255 for a total of 256 possible values
First Octet Values =>224 are Not Assigned to Hosts
IP Addresses are Hierarchical
Network portion contained on left
Host portion contained on right
Mask is used to determine the boundary between them

Cisco Networking Academy, US/Canada 2011 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco confidential. 72
 An Octet with a Zero Value = 00000000 in Binary

An Octet with a 255 Value = 11111111 in Binary

Assignable IPs vs. Network and Broadcast Addresses

A Basic Understanding of OSI Layer 3

An Understanding of What Constitutes a Network vs. an internet

Optional:
Prefix Length
CIDR
VLSM

NOT NEEDED: Class-oriented IP Addressing, Binary ANDing

Cisco Networking Academy, US/Canada 2011 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco confidential. 73
 256 Mask
In 4th Octet: Produces the Total Number of IPs Per
Network (Network Size)

In 2nd & 3rd Octets: Produces the Total Number of Values in

that Octet Per Network
Addresses Not Assigned to Hosts:
The First Address in a Network is the Network Address
The Last Address in a Network is the Broadcast Address

Cisco Networking Academy, US/Canada 2011 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco confidential. 74
 Start with Group Activities
Keeps Students Involved
Students Who Learn Faster Will Help Others
Students Feel Obligated to Participate (this is good!)
Individual Activities
Good Tool to Assess Individuals Understanding
Online and Hybrid/Blended Courses
Group Activities are Viable Via
Discussion Forums
WIKIs
Chat
Web-Cam/Video

Cisco Networking Academy, US/Canada 2011 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco confidential. 75
Cisco Networking Academy, US/Canada 2011 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco confidential. 76
Questions?
 PowerPoint Slide Templates:
2011 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

All text content not on template:

Schamus, David; 2010; Binary? Binary? We Dont Need No Stinkin Binary!;
Published by Byte Back! Training, Topanga, CA. 2010 David Schamus

(Ref #3) Treasure of the Sierra Madre Badges Video:

Downloaded on May 21, 2011 from:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VqomZQMZQCQ&feature=player_detailpage

Originally from the 1948 Film, The Treasure of the Sierra Madre, Released by
Warner Bros.

(Ref #4) Multiple pages

downloaded on May 21, 2011 from http://en.wikipedia.org

Cisco Networking Academy, US/Canada 2011 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco confidential. 78
 Thank You for Attending.

Enjoy the Conference

Contact dschamus@bbtraining.com if you have quick questions

about this presentation.

Cisco Networking Academy, US/Canada 2011 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco confidential. 79
Cisco Networking Academy, US/Canada 2011 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco confidential. 80
 Thank you for your time.

Please take a moment to complete the evaluation.

This presentation will be available to review

on-demand in the virtual Auditorium.

Supporting materials are available for download from

the virtual Resource Center.

Cisco Networking Academy, US/Canada 2011 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco confidential. 81