22: /

1
2016 -2017
www.lucent.com/security

. 2016-17

. 1 4,
www.lucent.com/security

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. 2016-17


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 /
()

()
...

() , () .

() ()

() T 6
,

() 6 .

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1
2

3 5

(.. -3-4-5-).
.

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1
2

3 5


4

.
,
( - ).

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(ATM cell)


g

o
(cell)



(53 bytes)

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,
.

(
(routing)).

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1
2




3 5


4

.
, .

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(Local Area Network LAN).

(etropolitan Area Networks - MAN).

(Wide Area Networks

WANs).

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1 1

1 2

2 2

1-1 2-2
1-2
.

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(Time-Division Multiplexing TDM).
(Frequency-Division Multiplexing FDM)
(statistical multiplexing)

,
. ,
.

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(.. ,
).
.

(header).



1 -

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bits

.

= +
+

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ISO (International Standards Organization) OSI (Open

Systems Interconnection).

To (modular),
.

(modular):
(interfaces).

..

: ,
.
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 (Black box)

(peer)
.

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. 2016-17


-service (
).
-functions ( ).
-interfaces (
).

..

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:
.

..

T


.

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 ISO/OSI
/ /

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Bit (HDLC)
8 8
16/32 16/32

Flag Header Body CRC Flag

HDLC
(Flag): 011111110
5 bit
bit 0 (bit stuffing)
0110101111111111111111
011010111110111110111110

011111110011010111110111110111110011111110

PPP: HDLC
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 (Parity)
1 bit byte bit .
bits (even parity)
(even parity)
(odd parity)
(matrix)
(even
parity)

1 2 3
4.
= 8 + n bits, n= dataBits/7
2


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 (1)

0 1 0 1 0 0 1 Bits
1 1 0 1 0 0 1 (parity bits)

1 0 1 1 1 1 0

0 0 0 1 1 1 0

0 1 1 0 1 0 0

1 0 1 1 1 1 1

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 (2)

0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1
Bits
1 1 0 1 0 0 1 (parity bits)
0

1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1

0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1

0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1

1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0

1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0

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 (3)

:
0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1
1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0

1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1
0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1
0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1
1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0
1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0

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 (4)

:
0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1
1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0
1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1
0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1
0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1
1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0
1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0

!
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 (CRC)
n-
bits n-1 .
bit
. , 1001110101
.

M ( x) x x x x x 1
9 6 5 4 2

,
G(x).

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 CRC
:
M(x) xk, k
G(x).
k bits, k
bits .
G(x). Q(x)
R(x).
T(x), ,

T ( x) M ( x) x k R( x)
:
G(x) (x)
(x)
bits (x). ,
.
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T(x)=(x)+E(x), E(x)
(x) T(x)
bit 1.
(x) = 11100011010111010
T(x)= 11000001010110000
E(x) = 00100010000001010

G(x),
(x)= QT(x)*G(x)+RT(x), RT(x)=0 (x)= QT(x)*G(x)+RT(x),
E(x)=QE(x)*G(x)+R(x)
T(x) =(x)+E(x) QT(x)*G(x)+RT(x) = QT(x)*G(x)+QE(x)*G(x)+R(x)
QT(x)*G(x)+RT(x) = [QT(x)+ QE(x)]*G(x)+R(x)
RT(x) = R(x)

E(x) .
R(x)=0
R(x)0 .

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 - CRC

, 101100100100101

CRC-8, x8+x2+x1+1
) .
) bit

,
CRC-8;

;

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 - CRC
(x)xk 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

G(x) 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1

1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0

1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1

1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0

1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1

1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0

1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1

1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0

1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1

XOR 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0
0 XOR 0 = 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1
0 XOR 1 = 1
1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0
1 XOR 0 = 1
1 XOR 1 = 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1

1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0

1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1
R(x) 1 0 0 1 0 1 0
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 - CRC
) T(x) = (x)*x8+R(x)
10110010010010100000000
1001010 +

10110010010010101001010
) bit
001100100100101
01001010. CRC-8
1011011 0

.

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 1.2
S bits, N , R bits/sec,
P bits. T S;
: K=S/P
: t1=P/R
N : tN=t1*N

tN -1
-1 .
= tN+t1*(-1)=P/R*(N+K-1).

P =T/2.

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 1.4
=91 , =10 , R=10kbps,
)
100 ms
=5 bits
)

, 10 bits
1.2
,
vc=100+(P+5)/R*(N+K-1)
D=(P+10)/R*(N+K-1)
vc- D>0
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 &

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.

(Data Link)

.

.

(.., CRC)
.

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:
bit (Alternating Bit Protocol)
(Stop and Wait)
(Go Back N)
(Selective Repeat Protocol)

:
( )
/

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1 1

Packet 1 ACK Packet 2

B Packet 1 ACK

RTT=S

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 &

ACK ACK
x

() ()

ACK ACK
ACK x
ACK

() ()

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ACK
x
-1 -1
-2 -1

() ()

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 P
(stop-and-wait)
ABP: ,
o ACK
.
ACK
, .
,
1 bit
. , 0
1.
ACKs
.

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 P

P(1) P(2) P(2) P(3) P(3) P(4)

0 1 1 0 ACK1 0 1

ACK0 ACK1 x ACK0

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P
RTT
TRANSP(AB)
A

PROP(AB)
PROP(BA)

B
TRANSA(BA)

= (PROP)+
(TRANSP TRANSA) +

X
(Round Trip Time)
S=RTT=TRANSP(AB)+PROP(AB)+TRANSA(BA)+PROP(BA)

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 P

ABP [p(success)=100%]

TRANSP ( AB)
nABP (duty cycle - )
S
1 o
: 1 RTT sec=
RTT sec
data _ bits data _ bits
r D D
sec sec

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 P
T

RTT RTT
TRANSP(AB)
A

PROP(AB) PROP(AB)
PROP(BA) PROP(BA)

, 1-p

B
TRANSA(BA) TRANSA(BA)

RTT, p

M
E x p RTT (1 p) T E( x)
```````````````````````````````````` (
),
(x),
.
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 P

(1 p)
E x RTT T
p
TRANSP TRANSP
nABP , (4.4) .109
E ( x) 1 p
RTT T
p

1
: 1 (x) sec=
E(x) sec
data _ bits data _ bits
r D D
sec sec

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 Go-Back-N (GBN)
O
o 1o ACK .

n ( W=window).

,
.
- - 0, 1, 2,
, n-1 , ,
ACK .
ACK-0
0, W. ,
ACK-1, W+1. ,
W .
, ACK i,
request i+1 (request number RN=i+1)

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Go Back N
RTT

A 1 2
WxTRANSP
3 ... W W+1 W+2 ...
TRANSP(AB)

PROP(AB)
PROP(BA)

B ...
W . TRANSA(BA)

T RTT 1,
W+1,W+2,, 2W.
k, k (
W ).
GoBackN,
S=RTT=TRANSP(AB)+PROP(AB)+TRANSA(BA)+PROP(BA)
:
W TRANSP( AB)
nGBN W nABP
S
W TRANSP RTT nGBN 100% ,
W TRANSP( AB)
nGBN min(1, )
S
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Go Back N
M
1 p
E x p TRANSP (1 p) T E ( x) E ( x) TRANSP T
p
TRANSP TRANSP
nGBN
E ( x) 1 p
TRANSP T
p
=WxTRANSP,
1
nGBN
1 p
1W
p
1
: 1 o (x) sec=
E(x) sec

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 Selective Repeat Protocol

T


.
X ,
.
X
,
,
. ,

.
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. 2016-17
 SRP (1)

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2 2 2 5 5

3 3 3 3 3 6
4 4 4 4 4
S timeout
time
3 4
1 3 5 6
4 1
X
X

2 2 2 2 2
R
3 3 3 3

4 4 4
5 5
6 overflows
buffer!
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 SRP (2)

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2 2 2 5
3 3 3 3
4 4 4 4
S timeout timeout timeout
time
1 3 4
1 3 4
X 1 1
2 X
2 transmit 1 until
ACK is received

2 2 2 2 5
R
3 3 3

4 4
1

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1 p
S TRANSP TRANSA 2 PROP EX pS (1 p)T EX EX S T
ABP

p
TRANSP p TRANSP
ABP ABP ( p)
TRANSP

S E X pS (1 p)T

TRANSP TRANSP
S TRANSP TRANSA 2 PROP GBN ( p)
EX 1 p
GBN

W TRANSP TRANSP T
GBN min 1, p
S
1 p
EX p TRANSP (1 p)T E X EX TRANSP T
p

W TRANSP 2 (1 p)(W 1)
SRP min 1, SRP ( p)
SRP

2 (1 p)(3W 1)
S

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bits
, , bits , , .
(RTT), S

(
, , , ,
), .
.




[]
T RTT, S.


1/E[X] packets/sec

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,

,
.

( PER)


.
PER=q1 PER=q2 PER=q3
PER=s3 PER=s2 PER=s1

p=(1-q1) (1-q2) (1-q3) (1-s1) (1-s2) (1-s3)

22 : / . 2016-17 59

GBN

3104 km.

1 1Mbps

) bits
;
) , min,

;
) T=1.75Tmin,

=20 /sec.
;
) 50%

GBN ; 60%;
.

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)
:
S = TRANSP + TRANSA + 2 * PROP (1)
TRANSP = 1KB/1Mbps = 8*103/1*106 sec = 0.008 sec (2)
TRANSA = 1KB/1Mbps = 8*103/1*106 sec = 0.008 sec (3)
PROP = 3*104/3*105 sec = 0.1 sec (4)
(2)-(4) (1) ,
S = 0.016+0.2 = 0.216 sec (5)
Go-Back-N
, S,

.
S ,
N = S/TRANSP = 0.216/0.008=27 (6)
5 bits
.

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) , min,
S 0.216 sec
)
)
=1.75*min=0.378 sec (7)
20 /sec
[]

[]=1/=1/20 = 0.05 sec (8)
(4.7)
(7) (8)

[]=TRANSP+T*(1-p)/p
0.05=0.008+0.378 * (1-p)/p
p=0.9 (9)
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)
(i) 50% ( 20*1.5=30 /sec)

, , (4.7)
,
= ([] TRANSP)*p/(1-p)
T =(1/30-0.008)*0.9/(1-0.9)
T=0.228 sec (10)
(ii)
60% (20*1.6=32 /sec)
= 0.2095 sec (11)

, S (.
(5)).

.
60% .
=S.

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.
1000 100 bits
1 2.
.

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store-and-forward


( Router 1-
2): t = 1000 60000
100
= 1,66sec
1

( 1- Router1): t = 100000
100
= 0,001sec
2

tol = t1 + t2 =1,66 + 0,001=1,661 sec

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.

3104km.
10 bits, 100Mbps
3105km/sec. ,
-2-1-.
-2 1- 64kbps, 10km
3105km/sec. 2-1
10Mbps, 100km
3105km/sec.

100 Mbps 1
3X104 km 100 Mbps
3X105 km/sec 3X104 km
3X105 km/sec

1 2
64 kbps 10 bps 64 kbps
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10 km 100 km 10 km 66
. 2016-17

() .
(
)

Go-Back-N W=128 .
;

(B) .
(
)
Go-Back-N
W=128 . ;

()
) )
,
10% .

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. 2016-17


. ,
() -1-
-2-1-.
:

1
(i). (. 107, )


10bits
TRANSPA1 TRANSP1 10 7 sec
100Mbps

TRANSP TRANSPA1 TRANSP1 2 10 7 sec

10bits 10bits 10bits
TRANSA 21 3.135 10 4 sec
64bps 10Mbps 64bps

22 : / . 2016-17 68

3 10 4 km 3 10 4 km
PROP 0.2 sec
3 10 km / sec 3 10 km / sec
5 5

,

.
PROP 21 PROP 2 PROP1 2 PROP1
10 km 100 km 10 km
4.0 10 4 sec
3 10 5 km / sec 3 10 5 km / sec 3 10 5 km / sec

RTT

S TRANSP TRANSA 21 PROP PROP 21 0.2007137 sec

TRANSP1 10 7
n ABP 4.982 10 7 sec
S 0.2007137
22 : / . 2016-17 69
(ii). GBN (. 115, ) W TRANSP1
nGBN min 1,
S
,
128 10 7
nGBN
128 TRANSP1
min 1, min 1, 7

min 1, 637 .72 10 637 .72 10
7

S 0.2007137

GBN
() -2-1-
-1-.
2
(i). (. 107, )


.
TRANSP 2 1.5625 10 4
n ABP 7.7847 10 4
S 0.2007137
(ii). GBN (. 115, )

W TRANSPB 2 128 1.5625 10 4

nGBN 1, nGBN min 1, 2
9.9644 10 0.1
S 0.2007137
22 : / . 2016-17 70
() () 10%,

p 1 PER 0.59
5

=S ,
(. 109, ) p TRANSP p TRANSP
n ABP
pS (1 p)T S
(i). ,
-1,
10bits
p TRANSP1 , TRANSPA1 10 7 sec
n ABP 100Mbps
S
p TRANSP1 0.59 10 7
n ABP 2.9395 10 7
S 0.2007137
(ii). B A,
B-2, p TRANSP 4
0.59 1.5625 10
p TRANSPB 2 n ABP B 2
4.5929 10 4
n ABP S 0.2007137
S
10bits
TRANSP 2 1.5625 10 4 sec
64bps . 2016-17 71

.
pi (i=1,2,3).
host N1,
2, 3
host ( ).
, host
. host-
- ,

.

H1 1 N2 N3 H2

22 : / . 2016-17 72

(1- p1) (1- p2) (1- p3):
,
p1:
,
p2(1- p1):
,
p3(1- p1) (1- p2):
,
O

= 4*(1- p1) (1- p2) (1- p3) + 1* p1 + 2* p2(1- p1) + 3*
p3(1- p1) (1- p2)
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. 2016-17
 (1)


. :
.

(.. , , ,
,



(TRANSP).
.



(PROP).
.. .
()/( )

22 : / . 2016-17 75
 (2)

.
.



.
.
.
.


. . .


.
.
T>=S .

22 : / . 2016-17 76
 (3)


, .




RTT=
, S,
.

S=TRANSP+PROP+(.
)+TRANSA+PROP+(.
)+( .. ).

.
S= TRANSP+TRANSA+2PROP
22 : / . 2016-17 77
 (4)
, PER





:
.
PER

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. 2016-17