SCIENCE FORM 2

WATER & SOLUTION

By:

Nur Hidayah Taib

SMK Lembah Bidong 12

Facts: 2/3 of earths surface is

covered with water.
Physical characteristics of water

PURE WATER IS COLOURLESS,

ODOURLESS, TASTELESS
LIQUID
Physical characteristics of water

STATE OF WATER

Sublimation

Melting Boiling

Freezing Condensation
 Physical characteristics of water

FREEZING AND BOILING POINT OF WATER

Freezing point: the temperature at Boiling point: temperature when water
which water freeze to form ice. boils to produce steam.

Heat is released

KINETIC
THEORY

Heat is absorbed
The effect of impurities on the physical
characteristics of water.

Freezing point and melting point of water are

same.

Impurities increase the boiling point of water.

Impurities lower the freezing point of water.
The composition of water

O
H H

Chemical formula: H2O

 ELECTROLYSIS OF WATER
Electrolysis is a process of to break down a
compound into simpler substances.

O2
H2 Water + dilute sulphuric acid

cathode anode

A
EVAPORATION OF WATER
 EVAPORATION BOILING

SIMILARITIES Liquid gas

Absorps heat

DIFFERENCES Occurs at any temperature Occurs only at boiling point

Occurs only on the exposed Occurs throughout the liquid

surface of a liquid

No bubbles are formed Bubbles formed throughout the

liquid
Absorbs heat from the Requires heat supplied by a source
surroundings when water such as a lighted bunsen burner
turns into gas
SOLUTION AND SOLUBILITY

SOLUTE Substances that

dissolves

SOLVENT Substances that

dissolve the solute
Concentrated solution
It refers to a solution in which much of the water has
been removed.

Dilute solution
to make (a liquid) thinner or weaker by the addition of
water or the like.
Saturated solution
solution in which the maximum amount of solvent has been
dissolved. Any more solute added will sit as crystals on the bottom
of the container.
 SUSPENSION
Solution suspension

homogeneous Non-homogeneous

Clear/transparent Cloudy/translucent

Contains one or more soluble substances Contains one ore more insoluble
subtances

Contains substances that cannot be Contains substances that easily be

easily separated separated
 SOLUBILITY
The maximum amount of a solute which can dissolve in a
given amount of solvent at a fixed temperature.

THE RATE OF DISSOLVING

Time taken for the dissolving process, from the time the solute is
added to the solvent until it has completely dissolved.
 Stirring

Size of FACTORS THAT

AFFECT THE Volume of
SOLUBILITY OF solvent
solute SOLUTE IN WATER

Temperature
 Substances that do not dissolve in water may
be soluble in ORGANIC SOLVENTS

ORGANIC USES
SOLVENTS
CHLOROFORM Stick plastics letter & numbers on the number plats of vehicle

BENZENE To stick piece of rubber on a punctured tyre

ALCOHOL Prepare shellac

Dissolve iodine to make antiseptic

AMYL ACETATE Remove lipstick stain

TURPENTINE Remove paint from the floor

LIME JUICE Remove rust

ACIDS AND ALKALIS
ACIDS
Taste: Sour.
Touch: Like water.
Tested with litmus paper: Turn blue litmus red.
pH value: From 0 to less than 7.
Reaction with metals: Form hydrogen and a salt.
Reaction with carbonates: Form a salt, water and carbon dioxide.
Reaction with ammonium compounds: No reaction.
NEUTRAL

ALKALIS
Taste: Bitter.
Touch: Soapy.
Tested with litmus paper: Turn red litmus blue.
pH value: From above 7 to 14.
Reaction with metals: No reaction.
Reaction with carbonates: No reaction.
Reaction with ammonium compounds: Give off ammonia gas
 NEUTRALISATION

A chemical reaction in which an acid

and alkali react to produce salt and
water
ACID + ALKALI SALT + WATER

e.g: NaOH + HCl NaCl + H2O

Shampoos
toothpaste
Hair conditioner

APPLICATIONS OF
NEUTRALISATION

bicarbonate powder
slaked lime
SEDIMENTATION FILTRATION CHLORINATION

OZONE
DISTILLATION

BOILING UV LIGHT
 UV LIGHT

As the water passes through this vessel, microorganisms are exposed to

intense ultraviolet light energy which causes damage to genetic
molecules (i.e. nucleic acids: DNA or RNA) needed for reproductive
functions.

This damage prevents the microorganism from multiplying or

replicating in a human or animal host.

Because the microorganism cannot multiply, no infection can occur.

Disinfection of water is achieved when UV light causes microbial
inactivation.
 WATER PURIFICATION
1. Water from the rivers are channel into the reservoir.

2. In the Aeration Tank bad smells will be aired and removed from the water.

3. Alum and Lime are added into the water in the coagulation tank. Alum will
make particles join together to form larger particles while lime will decrease
the acidity of water.

4. In the mixing tank, alum and lime will be evenly distributed in the water the
water.

5. The water travels into the sedimentation tank so that large particles will
sediment to the bottom.

6. Lighter particles which floats on the water will flow into the filtration tank,
suspended particles will be filtered.

7. Clean water will then be stored at the storage tank. In the storage tank,
chlorine and fluorine will be added in the water.
WATER POLLUTION