METROLOGY & MEASUREMENTS

WILL ENLIGHTEN YOUR FUTURE

SUBMITTED/COMPLILED FOR:-
Mr. MIR IRFAN UL HAQ

SUBMITTED/COMPLILED BY:-
ABHISHEK SHUKLA(14BME004)
ABHISHEK KUMAR (14BME003)
ABHISHEK KUMAR (14BME002)
ABHINAV CHADDHA(14BME001)
STRUCTURAL
HEALTH
MONITORING
STRUCTURES
IT IS A COMBINATION OF :-

FOUNDATION

BASEMENT

COLUMN

BEAM

SLAB etc.
DAMAGE IN STRUCTURES :

Mismanagement in construction

Lack of quality in control

Temperature conditions

Damages such as surface cracks, segregation,

settlements etc.
DAMAGE CONTROL :

Geometric properties

Boundary conditions

System connectivity

are the one which adversely affect the structures performance.

* SHM? :
The process of implementing a damage detection and
characterization strategy for engineering structures is
referred as SHM i.e. Structural Health Monitoring.

WHY SHM?
Deflection, strain, stress
Rotation, temperature,
Acceleration, corrosion,
pre stressing force etc.
 S.h.m.
TECHNIQUES
PEIZOELECTRIC SENSORS:

Convert mechanical energy into electrical energy and vice

versa.
Enables them to detect impacts and deformations in a
structure.
Lead Zirconate Titanate (PZT) is the most commonly used
piezoelectric material.
It is used in the form of patches
ACOUSTO ULTRASONIC (AU)

Acousto-ultrasonics uses pulser and receivers with resonant

frequencies in low ultrasonic range to detect damages.

The technique is able to detect and characterize differences in

the structure of single and multilayer metallic and composite
structures
ELECTRICAL MECHANICAL
IMPEDENCE

In EMI technique, a PZT actuator/sensor patch is

bonded to the surface of the structure whose health is
monitored using high strength epoxy adhesive.

The conductance signature of the patch is obtained

over a high frequency range.

This signature is the benchmark for assessing the

health of a structure
 The signature of the bonded PZT patch is acquired using
impedance analyzer.
Electro-mechanical coupling between mechanical impedance
Z of the host structure and electro-mechanical admittance Y
is utilized in damage detection.
 MAGNETOSTRICTIVE SENSORS
Amorphous wires and ribbons of cobalt and iron rich
alloys are being used for their suitability for use as
magnetic field and strain sensors.

Fig shows a magnetostrictive force sensor based on

Villari effect i.e. application of external applied force
generates voltage in pick up coil giving a measure of
applied force
Optical fiber sensor ?

Optical fiber sensors can be incorporated into a structure at the

time of fabrication for structural health monitoring and they
can be utilized for knowing the state of the structure on
continuous basis and indicating the adverse changes in the
structure such as initiation of crack and growth of defects.
Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) sensors are the most popular
optical fiber sensor. FBGs are diffraction gratings which are
written into the core of a single mode fiber using interfering
lasers.
The grating reflects light at aparticular wavelength which can
be measured by analyzing the spectral response
LASER DOPPLER VIBROMETER:
Used for dynamic response analysis

The resonance of a structure should be identified and

quantified to avoid vibration induced cracks and damages to
the structure

Laser Doppler Vibrometer can extract vibration signatures for

the purpose of damage detection without mass loading of the
specimen

It is a non-contact vibration measurement system which

works on the principle of Doppler Effect and interferometry
DA SYSTEM :
Data acquisition is the process of sampling signals that
converts the resulting samples into digital numeric values.

Sensors
Signal conditioning circuit
Analog-to-digital converters
Data management system manipulates the management of
data obtained from sensors.
Data transfer systems are used to transfer the data to
systems which help in predicting the failures of structures.
GLOBAL DYNAMIC BASED
RESPONSE TECHNIQUES:

The main principle of these techniques is that the modal

parameters like the frequencies, the mode shapes and the modal
damping are functions of the physical properties of the structure
like mass, damping and stiffness

Any change in the physical properties resulting from damage will

cause detectable change in the modal parameter
GLOBAL DYNAMIC BASED
RESPONSE TECHNIQUES:

Depending upon the modal parameter employed, these technique

can be divided into four types

1. Based on frequency changes

2. Based on mode shape change
3. Based on modal damping change
4. Based on updating structural model parameter
 S.h.m.
challenges
Following are the major challenges in its implementation:

Improved and cost effective SHM sensors for stable and reliable
performance during the useful life of the host structure.

Proven capability of the SHM systems in detecting undesired changes

in the structures in percentage terms with minimal false alarms.

Effective integration of the SHM system elements for improved

structural maintenance strategies such as integration of sensors along
with data transmission, computational power and processing ability in
the structures.

Effective filtering of data acquired from sensors and adequate

computational models of the structure.
 Development of statistical methods to discriminate features from
undamaged and damaged structures and comparative studies of
different damage identification methods applied to common data
sets.

Conceiving systems for data reduction and diagnostic formulations.

In many situations feature selection and damage identification must

be performed in an unsupervised learning mode where data from
the damaged systems are not available.

Optimally define the number and location of the sensors;

identification of the features sensitive to small damage levels; the
ability to discriminate changes in these features caused by damage
from those caused by changing environmental and / or test
conditions
 THANKING YOU

For providing us the opportunity to work on this

assignment cum project.

05/10/2015