Designed by,

•AMIRUL ASYRAF
•LYDENEO WESLEY
 T S
SE
Meaning
Of Sets
A set is a collection of distinct objects, considered as an
object in its own right. Sets are one of the most
fundamental concepts in mathematics Developed at the
end of the 19th century, set theory is now a ubiquitous
part of mathematics, and can be used as a foundation from
which nearly all of mathematics can be derived. In
mathematics education, elementary topics such as Venn
diagram are taught at a young age, while more advanced
concepts are taught as part of a university degree.
 Equal Set
Equal Sets:
Two sets are equal if they contain the same identical
elements. If two sets have only the same number of
elements, then the two sets are One-to-One
correspondence. Equal sets are One-to-One
correspondence but correspondence sets are not always
equal sets.
Example:
Which of the following sets are equal and which ones are One-to-One
correspondence ?
A = {a , f , j , q }
B = {1, 2, 3, 5, 8}
C = {x, y,z, w}
D = {8, 1, 3, 5, 2}

Solution:
B and D are equal. They have identical elements.
A and C are One-to-One correspondence or matching sets. Each set has 4
elements. They have the same number of elements but not the same elements.
B and D are One-to-One correspondence and equal sets. They have the same

identical elements.
 SUBSET
If every member of set A is also a member of set B, then A is said to be a subset of
B, written A ⊆ B (also pronounced A is contained in B). Equivalently, we can
write B ⊇ A, read as B is a superset of A, B includes A, or B contains A. The
relationship between sets established by ⊆ is called inclusion or containment.
If A is a subset of, but not equal to, B, then A is called a proper subset of B,
written A ⊊ B (A is a proper subset of B) or B ⊋ A (B is proper superset of A).
Note that the expressions A ⊂ B and B ⊃ A are used differently by different
authors; some authors use them to mean the same as A ⊆ B (respectively B ⊇ A),

whereas other use them to mean the same as A ⊊ B (respectively B ⊋ A)

A is a subset of B

Example:
•The set of all men is a proper subset of the set of all people.
•{1, 3} ⊊ {1, 2, 3, 4}.
•{1, 2, 3, 4} ⊆ {1, 2, 3, 4}.
The empty set is a subset of every set and every set is a subset of itself:
•∅ ⊆ A.
•A ⊆ A.
An obvious but useful identity, which can often be used to show that two
seemingly different sets are equal:
•A = B if and only if A ⊆ B and B ⊆ A.
 EMPTY SET
The empty set is the set containing no elements.
The empty set is the unique set having no elements;
its size is zero. Many possible properties of sets are
trivially true for the empty set.
Null set was once a common synonym for "empty set",
but is now a technical term in measure theory.
A symbol of empty set.
 UNIVERSAL SETS
A universal set is the set of all elements under
consideration, denoted by capital U or sometimes capital E.

Example:

Given that U = {5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12}, list the elements of the following sets.
a) A = {x : x is a factor of 60}
b) B = {x : x is a prime number}
Solution:

The elements of sets A and B can only be selected from the given universal set U .
a) A = {5, 6, 10, 12}
b) B = {5, 7, 11}
 COMPLEMENTARY SET
Relative Complement
 If A and B are sets,the relative complement of

A in B is the set of elements in B but not in A

Formally:
 Examples:
Sets The Complement
{1,2,3}\{2,3,4} {1}
{s,t,u}\{t,uv} {s}

 Identities
C \ (A n B) (C \ A) U (C \ B)
C \ (A U B) (C \ A) n (C \ B)
C \ (B \ A) (A n C) U (C \ B)
(B \ A) n C (B n C) \ A=B n (C \ A)
(B \ A) U C (B U C) \ (A \ C)
A\A {}
{ } \A {}
A\{} A
 DATA PRESENTATION
 VENN DIAGRAM
 SET LANGUAGE
1)Venn Diagram
 Set A=Motorcycle,car,van
 Set B=Canoe,ship,sampan
 Set C=Aeroplane,helicopter

Travel by air
Travel by Types of
A land transportation

C
Travel by
B
water
2)SET LANGUAGE

Set A: {Motorcycle,car,van}

Set B: {Canoe,ship,sampan}

Set C:{Aeroplane,helicopter}
 Operations On Sets

1)Intersection
 For sets A and B, the intersection of this two sets are
written as “A n B”
Examples:
 Intersection of two sets
 Intersection of three sets

Intersection of three sets:

AnBnC
 Questions And Answers

1){x,y} n {red,white}
 Answer: { }

2)Set A={football,basketball,badminton,chess} n
{rugby,hockey,badminton,chess}
 Answer:{badminton,chess}
3)

Name Hobby/Hobbies
Letter Denotes
Aboon Reading,surfing,acting
A Reading
See“na Surfing,reading
B Surfing
Zee”pa Reading
C Acting
Rayner Acting,surfing

In which region does the names above belong in the

Venn diagram?
 iii v
i
iv
vi
ii

vii

i)Abung : region (iv)

ii)Kelly : region (iii)
iii)Brenda : region (i)
iv)Bobby : region (vi)
2)Union Of Two Sets
 The union of sets A and B is the collection of points which
are in A or B

Examples:
 A={1,2,3,4} , B={5,6,7,8}

A u B={1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8}
 Questions And Answers
1){blue,black} U {red,white}
 Answer:{blue,black,red,white}

2)
 Set A:{x,y,z}
 Set B:{pen,ruler,rubber}
 Set C:{gold,silver,bronze}

For A U B, which region should be shaded?

 i vi
i i
iii
v
iv

vii

Answer : All regions except (vii)

3)Difference Or Combined On Sets
The difference of two sets A and B is the set of
elements that are in A but not in B.
This is written A - B, or sometimes A \ B.
 In A? In B? Region
no no i
yes no ii
yes yes iii
no yes iv

The elements in the difference, then, are the ones that answer
'Yes' to the first question “Are you in A?”, but 'No' to the second
“Are you in B?”. This combination of answers is on row 2 of the
above table, and corresponds to region (ii) in the figure above
 COMMUTATIVE LAW

 
The "Commutative Laws" just mean that you can
swap numbers around and still get the same
answer when you add. Or when you multiply.

Examples:
You can swap when you add: 3 + 6 = 6 + 3
You can swap when you multiply: 2 × 4 = 4 × 2
 Associative Law
The "Associative Laws" mean that it doesn't matter how you
group the numbers when you add. Or when you multiply.

(In other words it doesn't matter which you calculate first

Example addition: (2 + 4) + 5 = 2 + (4 + 5)
Because 6 + 5 = 2 + 9 = 11

Example multiplication: (3 × 4) × 5 = 3 × (4 × 5)
12 × 5 = 3 × 20 = 60
 Distribution Law
 The Distributive Law means that you get the same answer
when you multiply a group of numbers by another number
as when you do each multiplication separately
Example: (2 + 4) × 5 = 2×5 + 4×5
As you can see by calculating 6 × 5 = 30 and 10 + 20 = 30

So, the "2+4" can be "distributed" across the "times 5" into 2 times 5 and 4 times 5.
 De Morgan’s Law
 De Morgan’s Law relates three basic set operations which
are union,intersection and the complement
 If A and B are subsets of X,the data can be written as
follows:
(A U B)C AC n BC
(A n B)C AC U BC

U Denotes the union

Denotes the intersection
AC Denotes the set complement
of A in X
AC =X\A
 Statement Verification Using Venn
Diagram
 Venn Diagrams with three sets and Verification of
Equality of Sets
 Venn Diagrams can be used to illustrate three or more sets.
For three sets A,B and C, the diagram is drawn so the
three sets overlap,creating eight regions as shown below.

(i) (ii) (iii)

(v) (vi)
(iv)

(vii) (viii)
THANK YOU