I Putu Gede ADIATMIKA

Dept. of Physiology, School of Medicine

Udayana University
mencegah lebih baik dan lebih
murah daripada mengobati
 Any activities in human life cause several
changes with the body
Changes of system within the body to
maintain internal environment in normal
range
Adaptation is the way of body to maintain
homeostasis
 As a way of adaptation
to the environment
changes

Several ways:
Movement
Rest
Sleep

Integrated system
Musculoskeletal system
 Physiologically, task is a stimulus
Human must react to make an adaptation
Human body will make specific posture and
movement according to the task
Type of posture and movement are depend
on the task
POSTURE MOVEMENT

Sitting Bending
Standing
Walking
Twisting
Combination Awkward
Backward
 Human movement need energy
Musculoskeletal system to get the food
Alimentary system to digest the food nutrient
Respiration system oxygen and carbon dioxide
Cardiovascular system transport nutrient and
oxygen
Urinary system balance of body fluid
 The core of movement is muscle contraction
and relaxation
Skeletal muscle get the food
Smooth muscle peristaltic
Cardiac muscle stroke volume

Muscle Contraction As A Trigger Of

Movement
 Theory : energy demand on the heart and
lung resulting from muscular effort during
movement

Cardio respiration endurance

Supply energy to the muscle
 Started by a stimulus from
external or internal environment
Transferred as action potential
by the nerves
Action potential is forwarded to
the muscles through
neuromuscular junction
Action potential within the
muscles excite contraction
 Initiated by action potential from terminal
axon

MUSCLE TWITCH consist of :

Contraction
Relaxation
What of the contribution of

nerves

muscles

Bone
and joint
 Skeletal m
Cardiac m
Smooth m
RESPONSE TO SYSTEM
ENVIRONMENT CHANGES

SOMATIC

NEURO
NERVES MUSCULAR MUSCLES
MOVEMENT JUNCTION

REFLEX AUTONOMIC
 Somatic motor
Somatic
neurons axon neuron
Neuromuscular
junction
Muscle :
axon
Skeletal muscles
neuromuscular
Smooth muscles junction
Cardiac muscles

muscles
 ATROPHY
HIPERTROPHY
CRAMP
SEIZURE
PARALIZE
COLIC
HEART ATTACK
ETC
1. Central
nerve
system
(CNS)
2. Peripheral
nerve
system
(PNS)
 Functional unit of nerves
Surrounded by extracellular fluid
Neuron has intracellular fluid

Membrane cell separated extra and intra cellular

fluid
membrane is permeable for ion
Extra and intra cellular ion can pass the membrane
through the membrane
 Nerve system
consist of sensory
and motor system

Functional unit
NEURON
body
dendrit
axon
Downloaded from: StudentConsult (on 7 November 2011 02:25 AM)
2005 Elsevier
 Important ion for membrane potential :
Sodium (Na)
Potassium (K)
Chloride (Cl)

Cause : a different electric potential between extra

and intra cellular
 Action potensial spread along axon terminal
Asetilkolin (ACh) secretion

ACh attach to motor end plate reseptor action
potential

Action potential spread into the muscle Ca++ release

actin miosin attach power stroke and sliding
mechanism contraction

Ca++ pump back relaxation
 Easy to spread within muscles
Cause : muscle interaction is very thigh

Ion calcium movement into the cell is

easier than sodium
 Cross sliding
mechanism

Contraction cause
change of cell to
globular type
1. Cross bridge cycle is slower
2. Energy requirement to maintain contraction
is minimum
3. Slower of initial contraction and relaxation
4. Strength of contraction is stronger
5. Latch mechanism
6. Stress-relaxation
 Pump blood from ventrivel
stroke volume
Contraction of cardiac
muscle related to :
Stroke volume
Heart rate
Cardiac output
 Action potential with
cardiac muscle is
recorded as
electrocardiograph
 UNIT OF SKELETAL MUSCLES AND ITS
NERVES
Important for excitation contraction process
Number of motor unit is depend on the load of
each muscles
Affect to muscle tones
 Axon terminal
Vesicle
acetylcholine
Synaptic cleft
Acetylcholine
esterase
Motor end plate
ACh receptor
 Similar to nerve
process

Result : release of
Ca++ into
myofibrils

Effect : muscle
contraction
 Based on endurance :
Rapid muscles CEPAT (FAST TWITCH)
Slow muscle (SLOW TWITCH)

Based on change of length :

Isometric
Isotonic
 Isotonic muscle
shortening, muscle
tone constant
Ex : lifting

Isometric muscle
length constant,
muscle tone increased
Ex : push the wall
 ATROPHY : no action potential from the nerve
Break of axon
No activity of muscle : DISUSE ATROPHY

HYPERTROPHY : regular activity with maximal load

(in sport) :
Muscle cell getting bigger more ACTIN and MYOSIN
Circulation increased oxygen and food supply increased
 Energy resources
1st : PHOSPHOCREATINE
2nd : GLYCOGEN
3rd : OXYDATIVE METABOLISM

Waste product of metabolism

1st and 2nd : LACTIC ACID
3rd :
Carbondioxyde
Water
 Continued excitation can cause fatigue
Classification :
Peripheral (Muscles) oxygen and energy decreased
Central (Nerve) impulse disturbation within CNS
Caused : activity
Location :
Neuromuscular junction
Nerve cell at cerebral cortex

Benefits : as body defense mechanism

 Prevention:
Heavy workload short time
Long time mild workload
Avoid unnecessary movement
Sufficient foodstuffs and oxygen resources
Sufficient rest
Avoid to use drugs