CHAPTER 03

EXPRESSIONS, OPERATORS & ASSIGNMENTS

EXPRESSIONS & OPERANDS
Expression is a sequence of operands and operators that reduces to single value
2 + 3 * 5 3 + 4
5.6 + 6.2 * 3 operand operator operand

x + 2 * 5 + 6 / y

Operator is a language specific syntactical token that requires an action to be taken

Operands receive an Operators action
Operators might require one, two or more operands
There is no limit on the number of operators and operands used to form an
expression

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ARITHMETIC OPERATORS
Most familiar operators are drawn from mathematics

Operation Operator Allowed Types

Multiplication * Any
Division / Any
Subtraction - Any
Addition + Any
Modulus % integer types
ORDER OF PRECEDENCE
The precedence rules of arithmetic operators are:
*, /, %
are at a higher level of precedence than
+ , -

Operators *, /, and % have the same level of precedence.

Operators + and - have the same level of precedence.
When operators are all on the same level, they are performed from left to right.
To avoid confusion, the grouping symbol can be used.

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ORDER OF PRECEDENCE
Example

3*7-6+2*5/4+6 means
(3 * 7) - 6 + ( ( 2 * 5) / 4 ) + 6
= 21 - 6 + (10 / 4) + 6 (Evaluate *)
= 21 6 + 2 + 6 (Evaluate /)
= 15 + 2 + 6 (Evaluate -)
= 17 + 6 (Evaluate first +)
= 23 (Evaluate +)

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COMPOUND ASSIGNMENT

x *= y (x = x * y)
x /= y (x = x / y)
x %= y (x = x % y) int main ()
x += y (x = x + y) {
x -= y (x = x - y) int x=5;
x /= y + 3 (x = x / (y+3)) int y=4;

Compound
x*=y;
assignment
cout<<x<<endl;

return 0;
}
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INCREMENT AND DECREMENT OPERATORS
Increment operator - increment the value of a variable by 1
Decrement operator- decrement the value of a variable by 1.

Pre Increment: ++variable ++count; or count++;

Post Increment: variable++ increments the value of count by 1.

Pre Decrement: --variable --count; or count--;

Post Decrement: variable-- decrements the value of count by 1.
Suppose a and b are int variables.
a = 5;
b = 2 + (++a);
After the second statement a is 6 and b is 8.

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 OPERATORS

Operators are symbols representing operations that can be

performed on variable and constants. There are four operations
available in C++ programming.

1. Assignment Operations
2. Arithmetic Operations
3. Relational Operations
4. Logical Operations

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 ASSIGNMENT OPERATORS

The Assignment operator is denoted by the equal sign ( = )

It Is used to store/assign a value to variable

Example:
a = 5;

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ARITHMETIC OPERATORS

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RELATIONAL OPERATORS

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 LOGICAL OPERATOR
And
true and true true
true and false false
In c++ : &&
Or
true or false true
false or false false
In c++ ||
Not
not true false
In c++ !

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 LOGICAL OPERATOR - USAGE

int a = 4, b = 0;
a && b
a || b
!a
!b
(a+b)
(a-4)

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LOGICAL OPERATORS TRUTH TABLE

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 EXPRESSIONS

A sequence of operands and operators that reduces to a single

value
Example:
Operand

2+5 Expression

Operator

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C++ EXPRESSION FORMAT

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 PRIMARY EXPRESSIONS

Three types of primary expressions

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BINARY EXPRESSIONS

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 BINARY EXPRESSION
-- MULTIPLICATIVE EXPRESSIONS
10 * 12
20 / 4

5 % 2 ???
Modulus Operator (%)
5 % 2 1
5 % 3 2
6 % 3 0

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 BINARY EXPRESSION
-- ADDITIVE EXPRESSIONS
Additive expression
3 + 5, 4 6

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 ASSIGNMENT EXPRESSIONS
The assignment expression has a value and a result.
Value: the value of the expression on the right of the assignment operator (=).

Result: the result copies the expression value to the left of the assignment operator.

The left operand in an assignment expression must be a single variable.

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 SIMPLE ASSIGNMENT

Consists of simple algebraic expressions

Examples

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 COMPOUND ASSIGNMENT

Shorthand notation for a simple assignment

Examples

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SAMPLE CODE FOR ASSIGNMENT EXPRESSION

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POSTFIX EXPRESSIONS

Remember!

(a++) is (a = a + 1)
(a ) is (a = a 1)

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UNARY EXPRESSIONS

Remember!

(++a) is (a = a + 1)
( a) is (a = a 1)

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 OPERATOR PRECEDENCE EXAMPLES

2+3*4
( 2 + ( 3 * 4) )
-b++
( -( b++ ) )

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 OPERATOR ASSOCIATIVITY

Determine the
evaluation order
of the operators having
the same precedence

Left associativity vs.

Right associativity

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 OPERATOR ASSOCIATIVITY EXAMPLES

Left associativity

Right associativity

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STATEMENTS

A block of instructions
Types of statements

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 EXPRESSION STATEMENTS
Examples
a = 2;
a = b = 3;
a = 4 + 5;
a = b + (45 / c) + 22;
a++;

* An expression statement is terminated with a semicolon (;). The

semicolon is a terminator, and it tells the compiler that the
statement is finished.
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 COMPOUND STATEMENTS

A block of multiple statements

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SAMPLE PROGRAMS

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Sample Programs

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SAMPLE PROGRAMS

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SAMPLE PROGRAMS

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 UNARY OPERATORS

Require only ONE operand / value

Used to express the POSITIVITY / NEGATIVITY of the numeric
data
UNARY +

UNARY

EXAMPLE to express freezing temperature: -17

 BINARY OPERATORS

Require TWO operands / values

ADDITION ( + )

SUBTRACTION ( )

MULTIPLICATION ( * )

DIVISION ( / ) BOTH FOR INTEGER AND FLOAT

MODULUS ( % ) FOR REMAINDER

 OPERATORS PRECEDENCE [01]

Highest Level Priority Unary +, Unary

Middle Level Priority Multiplication (*), Division (/), Modulus
(%)
Lowest Level Priority Addition (+), Subtraction(-)

Precedence of Operators can be changed by the use of

BRACKETS
 OPERATORS PRECEDENCE [02]
For the following declarations

int num_1;
int num_2;
int num_3;
int answer;

In the following assignment statement

answer = num_1 + num_2 / num_3;

Division will be performed FIRST than Addition
 USE OF BRACKETS TO CHANGE PRECEDENCE

BRACKETS can be used to change the Precedence of Operators

For the same declarations, in the following assignment statement:

answer = (num_1 + num_2) / num_3;

Addition will be performed first than the Division
 OPERATORS ASSOCIATION

When the Operators have same Precedence then their

ASSOCIATIVITY is from Left to Right
For the same declarations, in the following assignment statement

answer = num_1 num_2 + num_3;

Subtraction will be performed first than the Addition
 ASSOCIATIVITY RULES
Most C# arithmetic operators are left associative, within the same
precedence level
a / b * c equals (a / b) * c
a + b - c + d equals ( ( a + b ) - c ) + d

C# also has a few operators that are right associative.

 EXAMPLE
PRECEDENCE AND
ASSOCIATIVITY

Mathematical formula:
________
- b + b2 - 4 a c
----------------------
2a

C# formula:
(- b + sqrt ( b * b - 4.0 * a * c) ) / ( 2.0 * a )
 CLASS ACTIVITY
FOLLOWING TABLE SHOWS ALL THE ARITHMETIC OPERATORS SUPPORTED BY C#. ASSUME
VARIABLE A HOLDS 10 AND VARIABLE B HOLDS 20, THEN:

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-10

200
2

++A (pre fix)11, A++ (post

fix) 10 , same for B.

--A (pre fix)9, A-- (post fix)

10 , same for B.
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