CHE 402 INTRODUCTION TO BIOTECHNOLOGY

Water is a breeding ground for bacteria

and can support viruses and parasites
long enough for them to enter your body
through absorption, inhalation, and/or
ingestion.

In the presence of chlorine, fungi is the

most vulnerable, followed by bacteria.
Viruses can take 10 times longer to be
neutralized by chlorine, and protozoa is
the most resistant, taking up to 100x
longer than a fungus to be zapped by
pool chlorine.
 E. coli - or Escherichia coli produces a toxin that damages the
intestinal lining, resulting in stomach aches and diarrhea,
from mild to severe.

Cryptosporidiosis - Cryptosporidim Parvum infects not only

humans, but many other animals including birds, fish, dogs,
cats, and farm animals. Symptom include diarrhea, and also
severe abdominal cramps.

Giardiasis - Also known as Giardia Enteritis, is a protozoan

infection of the small intestine. It may bring on acute
diarrhea and may lead to chronic intestinal disorders
 Shigella - bacteria that can infect the digestive tract and
cause a wide range of symptoms, from diarrhea, cramps,
vomiting, to more serious illnesses.

Legionella - Legionnaires disease is caused by a bacterium

known as Legionella Pneumophilia, and it is transmitted by
inhaling small droplets of infected water suspended in the
air.
They are fermentative, facultative
anaerobic non spore forming gram Diarrhea
negative bacilli, non motile, catalase Fever
positive, oxidase negative, and rod-shaped Nausea
bacteria closely related to Salmonella Vomiting
Stomach Cramps
Flatulence
It was named after Kiyoshi Shiga, who first
Painful Bowel
discovered it in 1897
Movements
Dysentry
Shigella is one of the leading bacterial
causes of diarrhea worldwide
Kingdom: Bacteria

Phylum: Proteobacteria

Class: Gamma Proteobacteria

Order: Enterobacteriales

Family: Enterobacteriaceae

Genus: Shigella
 MORPHOLOGY
They are short, gram negative
rods, about 2-4 m in length x
0.6m in breadth. They are non
spore forming, non capsulated,
non motile bacilli.
CELL STRUCTURE
1. An inner cell membrane is present
(cytoplasmic)
2. A thin peptidoglycan layer is present
3. Has outer membrane containing
lipopolysaccharides in its outer leaflet
and phospholipids in the inner leaflet
4. Porins exist in the outer membrane
5. Between the outer membrane and
the cytoplasmic membrane there is
periplasm
6. The S-layer is directly attached to the
outer membrane rather than to the
peptidoglycan
7. Lipoproteins are attached to the
polysaccharide backbone
 growth
optimal They can survive
temperature
temperature in ice for 1-6
ranging from
being 37oC months
10oC 45oC

Grows on a Killed at a
glucose temperature of
ammonium salts pH 7.4 55oC in 1 hour or
with nicotinic by 1% phenol in
acid 30 minutes
 The Shigella life cycle begins with
penetration of colonic mucosa. This
results in degradation of the
epithelium and acute inflammatory
colitis in the lamina propria. This
causes leakage of blood, inflammation
in the colon, and mucus into the
intestinal lumen.
The cell wall of Shigella, like
other Gram-negative bacilli,
contains a lipopolysaccharide
(LPS) structure. The LPS is
liberated during lysis of the cell
and to some extent during
culture. The LPS functions as
an endotoxin and is an
important component of the
virulence of the bacteria.