Compounds & Mixtures

Lesson Outline
•Properties of compounds & mixtures
• Differences between compounds & mixtures
•Compounds & mixtures – around us!
 Compounds & Mixtures
At the end of the lesson, students should be able to:
• describe compounds as substances consisting of two or
more chemically combined elements.
• state different ways to make compounds.
• describe mixtures as two or more elements and/or
compounds that are not chemically combined together.
• describe the differences between elements, compounds
and mixtures.
• A chemical compound is a chemical substance
of two or more different chemically bonded
chemical elements, with a fixed ratio determining
the composition. (See the illustration above)

• The ratio of each element is usually expressed by

chemical formula.
• Compounds have different properties different
from its constituent elements. New substances are
formed.
• For example, consider the compound WATER
(H2O)…
– Constituent elements: Oxygen (gas), Hydrogen (gas) –
BUT water is a liquid!
– Oxygen supports burning and hydrogen is flammable
BUT water has no such properties!
• Compounds can be
broken down to simpler
substances by chemical
methods.
• For example,
– Electrolysis of water to
produce oxygen gas and
hydrogen gas respectively
(constituents of water)
 Making compounds…
Compounds can be synthesized by:
1. Reacting two or more elements together
copper chlorine copper chloride
(reddish-brown solid) (greenish-yellow (green solid)
poisonous gas)
element element compound

Cu Cl2 CuCl2
element element compound
 Making compounds…
Compounds can be synthesized by:
1. Reacting two or more elements together
magnesium oxygen Magnesium oxide
(silvery solid) (colourless gas) (white solid)

element element compound

2Mg O2 2MgO
element element compound
 Making compounds…
Compounds can be synthesized by:
2. Reacting elements and compounds together
Iron fillings Dilute Sulphuric acid Iron(II) sulphate Hydrogen
(greyish solid) (colourless liquid) (green solid) (colourless gas)

element compound compound compound

Fe H2SO4 FeSO4 H2
 Making compounds…
Compounds can be synthesized by:
3. Reacting two or more compounds together
Sodium chloride solution Lead(II) nitrate solution Sodium Nitrate
Lead(II) chloride
(colourless) (colourless) (colourless solution)
(white solid)

compound compound compound compound

NaCl Pb(NO3)2 PbCl2 NaNO3

• In chemistry, a mixture is a substance made by
combining two or more different materials in
such a way that no chemical reaction occurs.
• There is NO new substance formed.
• There are 2 different types of mixtures:
– Homogeneous (eg: Solution)
– Heterogeneous (eg: Suspension)
• As mixture is formed by physically mixing two
or more substances together, it does not have a
fixed ratio determining its composition.

– In other words, the substances in a mixture can be

present in any amount – variable proportion!
• A mixture still retains properties of the
constituents that make it up.
– While there are no chemical changes in a mixture,
physical properties of a mixture, such as its melting
point, may differ from those of its components.

– For example, a mixture of alcohol and water boils

over a range of temperatures.
• A mixture can be separated easily by physical
methods such as:
– Filtration
– Distillation
– Magnetic Separation
– Chromatography
– Crystallization*
 5.5 What are Mixtures?
• A mixture consists of two or more different
substances that are mixed but not chemically
combined together.
• The substances that make up a mixture may be
elements, compounds or both elements and
compounds.
 5.5 What are Mixtures?
• Examples of mixtures:

Milk is a mixture of
compounds such as
Air is a mixture of
proteins and fats.
elements, such as
nitrogen and oxygen,
and compounds
such as carbon
dioxide and water
vapour.
 Properties of mixtures
Properties of mixtures Properties of air
When a mixture is formed, no Air is formed by simply mixing its
chemical reaction occurs. component gases – nitrogen, oxygen,
carbon dioxide, noble gases and water
vapour. No reaction occurs between the
components.
A mixture has the properties Air has the properties of its components –
of its constituent substances. nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, noble
gases and water vapour. Air supports
combustion because the oxygen gas in it
supports combustion.
 Properties of mixtures
Properties of mixtures Properties of air
A mixture can be separated Air can be separated into its components
easily by physical methods by fractional distillation.
(i.e. without involving
chemical reaction).
The components in mixtures The proportions of the constituent gases
are not mixed in any fixed in air may vary with place and time. For
proportion. example, we can find a higher amount of
carbon dioxide in the city than the
seaside.
 Different types of mixtures
• Solid-solid mixtures
o Alloys are mixtures of a metal element with other
metals or non-metals.
o An example is duraluminium which is a mixture of
aluminium and copper.
o It is strong and durable and often used in building
ships and aircraft engines.
 Different types of mixtures
• Alloys
o An alloy is a mixture of a metal and one or more
other elements. It has properties that are better than
those of its constituents.
o Examples of alloys:
• Steel – an alloy mainly composed of iron with a small
percentage of carbon
• Brass – copper-based alloy containing zinc
• Bronze – copper-based alloy containing tin
 Different types of mixtures
• Solid-solid mixtures
o Concrete is a mixture of cement and gravel.
o It is used in pavements, architectural structures,
bridges, etc.
 Different types of mixtures
• Solid-liquid mixtures
o Calamine lotion is used for treating
skin rashes.
o It is made up of solid zinc oxide, solid
calcium hydroxide, liquid glycerine
and water.
 Different types of mixtures
• Solid-liquid mixtures
o Chendol is one of the
many types of drinks that
contain both solids and
liquids.
 Different types of mixtures
• Liquid-liquid mixtures
o Alcoholic drinks consist of ethanol and other
flavourings dissolved in water.
o Vinegar is made up of a solution of ethanoic acid
and water.

vinegar

wine
 Different types of mixtures
• Liquid-gas mixtures
o Most forms of foam that you see (e.g. in a cup of
cappucino or from a bubble bath ) are made up of air
bubbles in a liquid.
 Different types of mixtures
• Liquid-gas mixtures
o Soda drinks contain carbon dioxide dissolved in a
flavoured drink.
 Different types of mixtures
• Gas-gas mixtures
o The air around us is
also a mixture of gases.
o The properties of air
show some common
properties of mixtures.
In summary…
A chemical Reaction No chemical
reaction required Type reaction required

New substances New No new substance

formed. substance? formed.

By chemical Breakdown By physical

methods method methods
 In summary…
Properties of Properties Mixtures still retains
compound different of properties of
from its constituents constituents constituents, even though
physical properties may
differ.
Fixed proportion Proportion
by mass of Variable proportion
(i.e. fixed ratio) Mass by mass
 Recommended websites..
• Doc Brown's Chemistry Clinic
http://www.wpbschoolhouse.btinternet.co.uk/pag
e01/ElCpdMix/EleCmdMix.htm
• Mixture
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixture
• Mixtures & Compounds
http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/Biology
Pages/M/Mixtures.html#Properties_of_Mixtures
 Recommended websites..
• Elements, Compounds & Mixtures
http://www.chem.purdue.edu/gchelp/atoms/elements
.html
• Chem4Kids: Compounds & Mixtures
– http://www.chem4kids.com/files/matter_mixture.html
– http://www.chem4kids.com/files/atom_compounds.html
 Miscellaneous
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metals
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-metals
• http://periodic.lanl.gov/default.htm
• http://www.teachnet.ie/macalvey/compound.htm