UNDERGROUND MINING :

UNSUPPORTED METHODS
OLEH :
1. MUZAYYIN HABIBY
2. MANSUR
3. RUDY WANYSAR M.
4. ARIEF HIDAYAT
5. ARMAN
6. ALDIANSYAH
7. ARDY ANSHAR
UNDERGROUND MINING :
UNSUPPORTED METHODS
OLEH :
1.MUZAYYIN HABIBY
2.MANSUR
3.RUDY WANYSAR M.
4.ARIEF HIDAYAT
5.ARMAN
6.ALDIANSYAH
7.ARDY ANSHAR
8.RIYAN H. ARIFIN
Mean of underground
mining
Sub-surface mining or underground
mining refers to a group of techniques
used for the extraction of coal, oil shale
and other minerals or other geological
materials from the earth. In contrast to
the other main type of excavation,
surface mining, sub-surface mining
requires equipment and/or manpower to
operate under the surface of the earth.
1.1 CLASSSIFICATION OF
METHODS
In that classsification, he foolowing
are considered unsupported
methods :
1. Room and pillar mining
2. stope and pillar mining
3. shrinkage stoping
4. Sublevel stopping
Picture 1. the sub surface
mining
1. Room and pillar mining
 The Illustration above shows an illustration of a
Room & Pillar Mine. Room and pillar mining is
still very common in underground coal mines,
because it is very flexible and does not require a
large capital expenditure for equipment like a
longwall mining operation would.
Room & Pillar is so named, because pillars of
coal are left standing to help support the roof of
the mine. A typical design would have the entry
ways ( or rooms) with a width of 20 feet, and the
pillars with width's of 40-60 feet.
In some room & pillar mines, on retreat mining,
the pillars are removed, allowing the roof to
collapse. This is called "pulling the pillars".
 Room n pillar mining is ideally
suited to the the underground of
coal and of several non metallic
and a few metallic minerals

1.1.1 Cycle of operations

- Cutting
- Drilling
- Blasting
- Loading
- hauling
the room n pillar mine
Advantages :
Moderately high productivity
Moderate mine cost
Moderately high production rate etc.

Disadvantages :
- Caving and subsidence occur with
substanial pillar exraction
- Ground stress n support load
increase with depth etc.
Ad 2. stope n pillar
mining
Strikingly similar to but displaying
unique differences from the roo M
and pillar methods, stope n pillar is
most widely used of all underported
method in which opening are driven
horizontally in a mineral deposit a
regular or random pattern to form
pillar for ground support.
stope n pillar mining
 Design parameters are based
mainly on :
1. Rock mecanics

1. Econonomic factors
2. Technological concern
3. Savety
Cycle of operation :
-drill,
-blast,
-load,
-n haul.
Advantages
Moderately high productivity
Moderate mine cost
Moderately high production rate etc.

Disadvantages :
- Some ore lost in pillar
- Large capital expenditure required
for xtensive mecanization
- Difficult to provide good ventilation
Ad. 3 shrinkage stoping

-shrinkage stope is a overhand

method in which the ore is mined in
horizontally slices and remains in
the stope as temporary support to
the walls and to provide sufficient
working space.
-shrinkage stope was formerly a very
popular method of noncoal mining
Advantages :
Moderate to small scale production
rate
Ore rawn down in stope by gravity
Method conceptually simple, can use
for small mine
Disadvantages :
Low moderate productivity
Labor intensive, difficult to mechanize
Cycle of operation :
-drill : pneumatic airlag. Sttoper, or
drivr percussion drill
-blast : Charging by hand
-secondary brekage : dinamit bomb
etc
-n haul : truck etc.
Ad 4 sublevel stoping
In sublevel caving, ore is developed from a series
of sublevels spaced at regular intervals throughout
the orebody. Mining begins at he top of the
orebody. A series of ring patterns is drilled and
blasted from each sublevel. Broken ore is mucked
out after each blast and the overlying waste rock
caves on top of the broken ore.
This technique is inexpensive, highly mechanized
and yields a large amount of muck. It is normally
used in massive, steeply-dipping orebodies with
considerable strike length. Since dilution and low
recoveries are unavoidable, sublevel caving is
used to mine low-grade, low-value ore-bodies.
 A mining method involving overhand,
underhand, and shrinkage stoping.
Its characteristic feature is the use
of sublevels. The sublevels are
worked simultaneously, the lowest on
a given block being farthest
advanced
and the subs above following one
another at short intervals
Cycle of operations

Drilling : longhole pneumatic drill,

downhole pneumatic percussion drill,
roller bit rotary drill on drill pltform or
rig
Blasting : charging by cadrigde or bilk
by pneumatic loader or pump etc.
Secondary breakage : impact hammer
Loading : gravity, chute
Haulage : truck etc
Advantages :
Moderate to small scale production
rate
Ore rawn down in stope by gravity
Method conceptually simple, can
use for small mine
Disadvantages :
Fairly xpensive
Inflexible n non selective
Longhole drilling reqires caeful
aligment