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03 OFDMA v04
03 OFDMA v04
Air Interface
UE eNodeB
eNodeB eNodeB
UE 3
UE 1
1. Duplex 2. Multiple
UE 2
Transmission Access
4 Nokia Siemens Networks
LTE FDD and TDD Modes
Bandwidth Bandwidth t
t Bandwidth
up to 20MHz up to 20MHz up to 20MHz
Uplink
Uplink Downlink
Guard
Period
Downlink
f f
Duplex Frequency
Simpler solution
DL & UL are duplexed in time rather than in frequency => TDD (Time Division
Duplexing)
DL & UL share the same bandwidth
DL and UL are active in different subframes
Frequency
FDD TDD
Uplink
Downlink Time
Wasted throughput is also
Throughput affected
Only this is We get what we need
needed
DL UL DL UL
TX Duplex Filter
TX
Power
amplifier
RX Duplex Filter
RX
Low-Noise
amplifier
Channel Filter
TX
Power
amplifier
TX
Duplexer
Channel Filter RX
RX
Low-Noise
amplifier
FDD and TDD modes Harmonisation FDD and TDD modes differences
(commonalities) regarding the air interface
Power FDMA
Frequency Division
1 2 3 4 5 Multiple Access
TDMA 1G e.g. AMPS,
Time Division 5 NMT, TACS
4
Multiple Access, 3
2G e.g. GSM, 2
PDC 12
OFDMA
3 CDMA
Orthogonal 5
3 1 Code Division
Frequency Division
4 5 Multiple Access
Multiple Access 2
1 3G e.g. UMTS,
e.g. LTE 3 1 CDMA2000
5
4
4 2 3
2
1
Frequency
11 Nokia Siemens Networks
Multiple Access
OFDMA and SC-FDMA will be used for both FDD and TDD Modes!
1
Ts fs
Ts fs
Inverse
time
Fourier
Transform frequency f/fs
Advantages:
+ Simple to implement: there is no complex filter
system required to detect such pulses and to Disadvantage:
generate them.
- it allocates a quite huge spectrum. However the
+ The pulse has a clearly defined duration. This is spectral power density has null points exactly at
a major advantage in case of multi-path multiples of the frequency fs = 1/Ts. This will be
propagation environments as it simplifies handling important in OFDM.
of inter-symbol interference.
1
Tc W
Tc
Fourier Transform
Frequency Domain
1.3 * W
Inverse
Fourier Transform
intercepts the
nulls of the
neighbouring
subcarriers
Data is sent in parallel across the set of subcarriers, each subcarrier only transports a
part of the whole transmission
The throughput is the sum of the data rates of each individual (or used) subcarriers while
the power is distributed to all used subcarriers
FFT ( Fast Fourier Transform) is used to create the orthogonal subcarriers. The number
of subcarriers is determined by the FFT size ( by the bandwidth)
Power bandwidth
frequency
18 Nokia Siemens Networks
The OFDM Signal
20
(see next slides)
Nokia Siemens Networks
1. Multi-Path Propagation and Inter-Symbol
Interference
+
Tt
BTS
Time 0 Ts
Time 0 Tt Ts+Tt
Time Domain
TSYMBOL Tg
TSYMBOL time
TSYMBOL time
time
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Propagation Delay Exceeding the Guard Period
2
1
3
4
Time Domain T
SYMBOL Tg
1
Obviously when
the delay spread time
of the multi-path
2
environment is
greater than the
guard period time
duration (Tg), then
we encounter 3
inter-symbol
interference (ISI) time
time
23 Nokia Siemens Networks
Cyclic Prefix
2
1
3
Tcp Tsymb
1
CP symbol CP symbol CP symbol
time
2
CP symbol CP symbol CP symbol
3
CP symbol CP symbol CP symbol
In LTE the slot of 500 s is subdivided in the (useful part of the) symbol
(grey) and CPs as follows:
T [TS] 160 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048
T [s] 5,2 66,7 4,7 66,7 4,7 66,7 4,7 66,7 4,7 66,7 4,7 66,7 4,7 66,7
max. delay [km] 1,6 1,4 1,4 1,4 1,4 1,4 1,4
For the extended CP slot structure the overall 500 s is kept but the number
of symbols is reduced in order to extent the cyclic prefix durations:
T [TS] 512 2048 512 2048 512 2048 512 2048 512 2048 512 2048
T [s] 16,7 66,7 16,7 66,7 16,7 66,7 16,7 66,7 16,7 66,7 16,7 66,7
fsub-used
Power Density
Saved
Bandwidth
I3
I1
I4
I0
f0 f1 f2 f3 f4
f0 f1 f2 fN-1 freq.
Time Domain Signal
Frequency Domain
Mapper
D
I Low I
Serial to
Generation
CP/Guard
Binary Pass
Parallel x0, x1, , xN-1 A
Coded IQ RF
Converter . IFFT
Data Split
(Bit . Time Q D
Distrib.) . Domain Low Q
Pass
A
-sin(2fct)
Each entry to the IFFT module
bN-1 0 Modulation sN-1 corresponds to a different sub-
Mapper
carrier
Each sub-carrier is modulated
independently
Modulation Schemes:
34 Nokia Siemens Networks
BPSK,QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM
OFDMA
t0 t1 t2 tN-1 time
Frequency Domain
s0 s0 B10 ,B11,
Time Domain Bit Mapping
s1 s1 B20 ,B21,
De-
Channel Correction
Frequency Domain
A Bit Mapping
Low Noise Amp.
Bit Distribution
rotator
Windowing +
I
Demodulator
+ Bandpass
RF
D Soft Bit
FFT
. . . .
. . . . Coded
signal autocorreation
signal strength
A . . . . Data
Q
phase correction
D
j
sN-1 sN-1 BN-1 0
AGC Bit Mapping
LNA gain
response
Automatic
channel
adjust
timee
Transmission
Bandwidth [RB]
Channel edge
Channel edge
Resource block
5. Sampling rate fs
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 allocation unit.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 RE is the equivalent of 1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 modulation symbol on a
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 subcarrier, i.e. 2 bits for QPSK,
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 4 bits for 16QAM and 6 bits for
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
64QAM.
Subcarrier 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
12
1 slot 1 slot Resource
1 ms subframe Element
Number of 6 15 25 50 75 100
Resource Blocks
The real data rate of the user will be further reduced if the physical layer overhead is
considered. Also the higher layers may introduce overhead as shown in chapter number 2. For
example IP , PDCP , RLC and MAC are introducing their own headers.
This type of overheads are not discussed here
1.-Plain OFDM
subcarrier
and do not really need an uplink feedback channel ...
(although such systems exist too). . . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . . ...
Now we have to analyze how to handle access of
multiple users simultaneously to the system, each one ...
using OFDM. ...
...
...
1 UE 1 2 UE 2 3 UE 3 common info
(may be addressed via
Higher Layers)
subcarrier
1 1 1 2 2 ...
But still it is difficult to run highly variable traffic efficiently. . . . . .
The solution to this problem is to assign to a single users . . . . .
so called resource blocks or scheduling blocks. 1. 1. 1. . . ...
Such block is simply a set of some subcarriers over some 1 1 1 ...
time.
3 3 3 3 3 ...
A single user can then use one or more Resource blocks.
3 3 3 3 3 ...
3 3 3 3 3 ...
All 1200 subcarriers subcarriers are transmitted (assuming that the system
bandwidth is 20 MHz)
No difference between the subcarriers used for physical layer overhead and the
subcarriers used for transmission of user data
No difference between different physical channels like e.g. PBCH (Physical Broadcast
Channel). The difference could be seen in parameters like e.g. modulation
Cyclic prefix insertion neglected (less relevant for simulation impact on symbol
duration only)
b10
b20
Serial to
Binary
Parallel
Coded
Converter
Data
(Bit
Distrib.)
bN-1
A random string is generated with N=1200 integers numbers from 0 to 3 that needs to be transmitted;
For simplicity only first 40 integers are plotted (the same is true for the rest of the simulation)
One can look at this sequence vertically, as being the output of the serial to parallel block (only one
OFDM symbol is transmitted )
Frequency Domain
Binary Serial to Low I
I
Generation
CP/Guard
Coded Parallel Pass
x0, x1, , xN-1 IQ A RF
Data Converter . IFFT
Split
(Bit . Time Q D
Low Q
Distrib.) . Domain
Pass
A
-sin(2fct)
Modulation s1
Mapper
.
.
.
Modulation sN-1
Mapper
Note that the sequence s0 sN-1 is a complex sequence = I + jQ (Inphase and Quadrature)
55 Nokia Siemens Networks
OFDM Transmitter
Frequency Domain
Binary Serial to Low I
I
Generation
CP/Guard
Coded Parallel Pass
x0, x1, , xN-1 IQ A RF
Data Converter . IFFT
Split
(Bit . Time Q D
Low Q
Distrib.) . Domain
Pass
A
-sin(2fct)
Result interpretation:
1. The signal is complex =
I+jQ
2. The signal is almost white
noise (1200 subcarriers
each
57 with equal
Nokia magnitude)
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IFFT Result -> Frequency Domain
The spectrum is splitted in 2 parts Low pass filtering required
because of the zero padding in
to achieve a compact spectrum
the middle of the sequence
Frequency Domain
Binary Serial to Low I
I
Generation
CP/Guard
Coded Parallel Pass
x0, x1, , xN-1 IQ A RF
Data Converter . IFFT
Split
(Bit . Time Q D
Low Q
Distrib.) . Domain
Pass
A
-sin(2fct)
Digital to Analog
Conversion and
Low Pass
Filtering
D Q
Low
Pass
A
Note the delay produced by the filtering process (low pass filtering)
60 Nokia Siemens Networks
OFDM Transmitter
Frequency Domain
Binary Serial to Low I
I
Generation
CP/Guard
Coded Parallel Pass
x0, x1, , xN-1 IQ A RF
Data Converter . IFFT
Split
(Bit . Time Q D
Low Q
Distrib.) . Domain
Pass
A
-sin(2fct)
Up - Conversion
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Up-conversion -> Time Domain Result
Frequency Domain
Binary Serial to Low I
I
Generation
CP/Guard
Coded Parallel Pass
x0, x1, , xN-1 IQ A RF
Data Converter . IFFT
Split
(Bit . Time Q D
Low Q
Distrib.) . Domain
Pass
A
-sin(2fct)