CCNA Wireless

Freddy Len
Instructor

leon_freddy@hotmail.com
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 Decibel (dB)

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 The power level that will be radiated froma tha antenna. EIRP,
measured in dBm.

EIRP = 10 dBm (10 mW) + (-5dB loss connects and cable) + 8 dBi

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 Receiver expects to find a
signal on a predetermined
frequency, with enough
power to contain useful
data.

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 To minimize the effect of a low SNR data loss in cases of
narrowband interference, each bit of data is encoded as a
sequence of 11 bits called a Baker 11 code (1 bit into 11 bits).
0 data bit (10110111000), and 1 data bit (01001000111).
Each bit in a Backer chip can be transmitted by using the
differential binary phase shift keying (DBPSK).
..with a steady chipping rate of 11 millon chips per second, wher
each symbol (1 original bit) contains 11 chips, the transitte data
rate is 1 Mbps.
Chips are taken two at a time and modulated onto the carrier
signal by using DQPSK (Differential quadrature phase shift keying)
Data rate with DQPSK is 2 Mpbs.

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 FCC

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 Onminidertional
Dipole
Monopole

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 2,4 Ghz, gain of 2 dBi
5 Ghz, gain of 5 dBi

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 Gain of between
20 and 30 dBi

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 Transmit at the same time.
Same Channel.
The host cant transmit and
receive at the same time on
a given frecuency

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 Multiple hosts can share the same channel, they also share the
airtime.
To keep everything clean, only one device should transmit at any
given time.
The solution is to make every wireless service area a closed
group of mobile devices that forms around a fixed device.
The 802,11 standard calls this a basic service set (BSS).
At the heart of every BSS is a wireless access point (AP).
The operation of a BSS hinges on the AP, the BSS is bounded by
the area where the APs signal is usable. This is know as the
basic service area (BSA) or cell.

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 The AP uses a unique BSS
identifier (BSSID) that is based
on the APs own radio MAC
address.

The AP advertiss the wireless

network with a service set
identifier (SSID), which is a text
string containing a logical name

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 Membership with the BSS is
called an association.

All frames are freely availabe

over the air to anyone that is
within range to receive them.

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 The mesh network runs its own dynamic routing protocol to work out the
best path for backhaul traffic to take across the mesh Aps

AP usually maintains a BSS on a 2.4 Ghz channel, with which wireless

clients can associate. Client traffic is then usually bridged from AP to
AP over 5 Ghz channels as a backhaul network

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 TA transmitter
address
RA receiver
address

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 CSMA is the technique to determine if the media is available
before transmitting.
Wired devices can detect collisions in real time so that they
can back off and wait a random rime to try again
(CSMA/CD).
Wireless devices always operate in half duplex mode
(transmitting wireless client cant detect when a collision
occurs at all).
Therefore, 802.11 devices must try to avoid collisions
(CSMA/CA).

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 Management frames
Beacon (passive scanning): ten times per second
(100 ms)
Probe (active scanning)
Authentication and deauthentication ( Open
System / WEP)
Association (SSID)

Control frames
ACK
Block ACK
Power save Poll
RTS/CTS

Data frames

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 To use a wireless LAN, device must be located within the range of
an APs signal and have an active association with the AP ( BSA
or cell)

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 PC-5s wireless
transmitter has a
lesser transmit
power level

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 Higher SNR closer to the AP
Less complex MCSs (modulation and coding schemes) slower
data rates
To design a wireless LAN for Best performance to disable
some of the lower data rates (1, 2 an 5,5 Mbps)

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 To provide robust wireless

Tune the cell size base on data

rates and performance
Add additional Aps to build an
ESS (extended service set)
that covers more area

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 The cliente around
location B will
probably experience
so many collisions,
that it may never be
able to roam cleanly

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 Aps should be configured to use different
non-overlapping channels.
The decision to roam, is driven by the
wireless client driver (controller), not by
the AP
The 802.11 standars does not address, so
roaming algorithms are vendor specific.
Can be: received signal strength indicator
(RSSI), signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), count
of missed AP beacons, erro due the
collision or interference.
.different clients use different 10-15% overlap data
thresholds.... 15-20 % overlap voice

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 Predictive survey are usaually based around theoretical
calculations and not actual measurements.

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 The survey tool
passively scans
through the
wireless bands
anda channels
to listen for any
AP that sends a
beacon or a
probe response
frame.

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 Power is applied to the AP and signal strength measurements.
It use the AP in mounted on a tripod, ladder or pole (AP-on-a-
stick)

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 An APs primary function is to bridge wireless
APs is equipped with both wired and wireless hardware so
that the wireless client associations can be terminated onto a
wired connection locally at the AP.
1. Cloud
2. Autonomous
3. Split MAC
FlexConnect
Centralized
Converged

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 Autonomous Aps are self-contained
It offers a short and simple path for data to travel between th
wireless and wired networks.

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 SSIDs an their VLANs must be extende at Layer 2.
VLAN is routed within the distribution layer and must be carried
over trunk links to the access layer switches and then to each
autonomous.

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 AP management function is pushed out of the enterprice an into the
Internet cloud.
Cisco Meraki is cloud-based and offers centralized management of
wireless, switched and security.
Cisco Meraki Aps can be deployed automatically, once your register
with the Meraki cloud.

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 The data path from the wireless network to the wired network is
very short.
Data to and from wireless clients does not have to travel up into
the cloud and back.
The cloud is ude to bring management functions into the data
plane.
A control plane: traffic used to control, configure, manage, and
monitor the AP itself.
A data plane: end-user traffic passing through the AP

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 The real-time processes involve
sending and receiving 802.11
frames, bancos, probe messages,
data encryption.
The AP must interact with
wireless clients on some low level
(MAC). These funtions must stay
with the AP, closest to the clients.

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 Lightweight access point (LAP) performs only the real-time 802.11
operation.
It name because the code image and the local intelligence are
simple compared to the trafitional autonomous AP.
The management funtions are usually performed on a wireless
LAN controller (WLC).
The LAP becomes totally dependent on the WLC for every
(security policies, selecting RF channels, output power).
..the LAP-WLC division of labor is known as a split-MAC
architecture....

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 The LAP and WLC can be
located on the same VLAN or IP
subnet, but they do not have to
be.
Instead, the can be located on
two entirely different IP subnets
in two entirely different locations.

CAPWAP tunneling protocol makes this all

possible by encapsulating the data
between th LAP and WLC within new IP
packets.

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 CAPWAP tunneling allows the lap
and WLC to be separated
geographically and logically.
It also breaks the dependence on
Laye 2 connectivity between
them.
The tunnel exists between the IP
address of the WLC and the IP
address of the LAP, which allows
all of the tunneled packet to be
routed at Layer 3.
No trunk link is needed because
all of the VLANs it supports are
encapsulated and tunneled
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 Traffic to and from wireless users would travel over CAPWAP
tunnels that reach into the center of the network, near the core.
A centralized WLC also provides a convenient place to enforce
security policies that affect all wireless users.

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 The round-trip time (RTT) between an LAP and a
controller should be less than 100 ms so that
wireless communication can be maintained in near
real time.

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 The inefficiency

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 With FlexConnect, the branch-site LAPs are able to locally switch
the traffic without traversing the CAPWAP tunnel.

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Thank you.