Wireless Sensor Networks

By.
P. Victer Paul

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A sensor is a electronic device that measures a physical
quantity and converts it into a signal which can be read
by an observer or by an instrument.
 A wireless sensor network (WSN) consists of spatially
distributed autonomous sensors to cooperatively monitor
physical or environmental conditions,
such as temperature, sound, vibration, pressure, motion or
pollutants.
 Flexible.

Implementation cost is cheaper than wired network.

Ideal for the non-reachable places such as across river, or

mountain or boarder areas.

Ideal for temporary network setups.

 Lower speed compared to wired network. (of course!)

Less secure because hacker's laptop can act as Access Point.

More complex to configure than wired network.

Affected by surrounding. E.g: walls (blocking), microwave

oven (interference), far distance (attenuation)
 Limited Energy,

Limited Memory,

Limited Computing Power,

Limited Communication Bandwidth,

Limited Communication Range

 Node Deployment
Node Capabilities
Network Topology
Scalability
Energy Consumption
Data Delivery Model
Data Aggregation
QoS
 Node Deployment: affects the performance of the routing
protocol.

Node Capabilities: relaying, sensing and aggregation

Network Topology: affects latency, robustness, and capacity.

 Scalability: Sensor network routing protocols should be
scalable enough to respond to events in the environment.

Energy Consumption: computations and transmitting

Data Delivery Model: continuous, event-driven, query-

driven, periodic, or a hybrid.
 Data Aggregation: duplicate suppression, minima, maxima,
and average.

QoS (quality of services): should support the life time, the

data reliable, and location-awareness.
 Microcontroller performs tasks, processes data and controls
the functionality of other components in the sensor node.
A microcontroller is often the best choice for embedded
systems because of its flexibility to connect to other devices,
ease of programming, and low power consumption.
 Sensor nodes make use of ISM band which gives free radio,
spectrum allocation and global availability.

The function both of transmitter and receiver are combined

into a single device know as transceivers are used in sensor
nodes
 Flash memories are used due to its cost and storage capacity.

Two categories of memory based on the purpose of storage

a) User memory used for storing application related or
personal data.
b) Program memory used for programming the device.
 For the Sensing, Communication and Data Processing.

Dynamic Power Management (DPM) and Dynamic Voltage

Scaling (DVS)
 Spoofed, altered, or replayed routing information.
Selective forwarding
Sinkhole attack
The Sybil attack
Wormhole attack
HELLO flood attack
 Spoofed, altered, or replayed routing information:
Affects: routing loops, attract or repel network traffic, extend
or shorten source routes, generate false error messages,
partition the network, increase end-to-end latency, etc.

Selective forwarding: In a selective forwarding attack,

malicious nodes may refuse to forward certain messages and
simply drop them, ensuring that they are not propagated any
further.

Sinkhole attacks: Sinkhole attacks can enable many other

attacks(e.g. selective forwarding).
 The Sybil attack: In a Sybil attack, a single node presents
multiple identities to other nodes in the network.

Wormhole attack: Wormhole attacks commonly involve two

distant malicious nodes colluding to understate their distance
from each other by relaying packets along an out-of-bound
channel available only to the attacker.

HELLO ood attack: Laptop-class attacker broadcasting

routing or other information with large enough transmission
power could convince every node in the network that the
adversary is its neighbor.
 Homeland security
Multisensory Data Fusion
Nondestructive Evaluation and Remote Sensing
Integrated System Health Management (ISHM)
Commercial Development
Agriculture
Mines
Industrial
 Standards and specifications

Hardware

Software

Simulators
 ISA100 (industrial control applications).

Wireless HART (designed for Industrial applications like Process Monitoring

and Control).

IETF RPL(Routing Protocol for Low power and Lossy Networks).

IETF 6LoWPAN
IEC 62591(industrial communication networks)

ZigBee networking specification for transmission of packets over IEEE

802.15.4 is intended for uses such as embedded sensing, medical data
collection, consumer devices like television remote controls, and home
automation.
EnOceanis the originator of patented energy-harvesting wireless sensor
technology.
The main challenge is to produce low cost and tiny sensor nodes.
With respect to these objectives, current sensor nodes are mainly
prototypes. Miniaturization and low cost are understood to follow
from recent and future progress in the fields of MEMS and NEMS.
 TOSSIM,

J-Sim

Atarraya.

An extensive list of simulation tools for Wireless Sensor

Networks can be found at the CRUISE WSN Simulation Tool
Knowledgebase.
Tanq