PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT

& COMMUNICATION SKILLS-I

PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT
& COMMUNICATION SKILLS-I

Text Books
C.L. Boove, J.V. Thill & Chaturvedi
Wren & Martin
T.N. Chhabra & Sandhya Chhabra
C.B. Gupta
 Unit-I
FUNDAMENTAL OF GRAMMAR &
THEIR USAGE
How to improve command over spoken
and written English with stress on noun,
verb, tense, adjective.
Sentence errors
Punctuation
Vocabulary building to encourage the
individual to communicate effectively
Common errors in Business Writing.
Unit-1- Structure
Lecture Module/Topic Details with sub Topic
No.

1 Unit I : Overview of Unit-1

Spoken and written English (difference);
Noun, Verb , Adjectives, Adverbs, Pronoun
2 Tense, Aspect, modals
Prefix, Suffix, Paired words
4 Prepositions, Articles, Conjunctions, Question
Tags
5 Active & Passive Voice, Direct and Indirect
speech,
6 Sentence errors , homophones
7 Common errors in business writing, Aids to
correct business writing
 Unit-I
FUNDAMENTAL OF GRAMMAR &
THEIR USAGE

OVERVIEW OF UNIT-I

(Lecture-1)
 COMMUNICATION

Communication is the process of sending

and receiving information among
people

Communication skills is the ability to use

language and express information.

Ms. Latika Malhotra, IITM (Lecture-1)

 Communication is a series of
experience of
Smell
Hearing

Seeing
Touch
Taste

Ms. Latika Malhotra, IITM (Lecture-1)

 Most Common Ways to
Communicate
Speaking

Writing

Visual
Image

Body
Language

Ms. Latika Malhotra, IITM (Lecture-1)

Business Communication
Business communication is a
formal means of communication
for sending and receiving
information among people for
the purpose of organizational
tasks and development

Ms. Latika Malhotra, IITM (Lecture-1)

 Unit-I
FUNDAMENTAL OF GRAMMAR & THEIR
USAGE
GRAMMAR
The system of rules underlying the use of
language
Parts of Speech
Noun
Verb
Tense
Adjective
Ms. Latika Malhotra, IITM (Lecture-1)
 Unit-I
FUNDAMENTAL OF GRAMMAR & THEIR
USAGE

A noun is a word used to name a person,

animal, place, thing, and abstract idea. Nouns
are usually the first words which small
children learn.

Ms. Latika Malhotra, IITM (Lecture-1)

 Nouns a person

man

an animal a place

dog city

a thing an idea

flower freedomIITM (Lecture-1)

Ms. Latika Malhotra,
 Unit-I
FUNDAMENTAL OF GRAMMAR & THEIR
USAGE

KINDS OF NOUNS
Proper Noun
Common Noun
Collective Noun
Abstract Noun

Ms. Latika Malhotra, IITM (Lecture-1)

 Unit-I
FUNDAMENTAL OF GRAMMAR & THEIR
USAGE

Singular and plural nouns

Singular nouns: Refer to one thing.
a baby a dog a flower

Plural nouns: Refer to two or more things

babies dogs flowers

Ms. Latika Malhotra, IITM (Lecture-1)

 Unit-I
FUNDAMENTAL OF GRAMMAR & THEIR
USAGE

Proper Noun
Name of a particular person or thing

India Mr. Ratan Tata

Ms. Latika Malhotra, IITM (Lecture-1)

 Unit-I
FUNDAMENTAL OF GRAMMAR & THEIR
USAGE

Abstract nouns
Something you can not perceive through any of your five
senses.

Word used for an action, state or quality

For e.g.: Kindness, Honesty, Obedience, growth, Childhood,
slavery
Ms. Latika Malhotra, IITM (Lecture-1)
 Unit-I
FUNDAMENTAL OF GRAMMAR & THEIR
USAGE

Collective nouns

Name a group of people or thing. This class of

nouns denotes a group of people, animals,
objects, or concepts or ideas as a single entity.

army, troop, crowd Ms. Latika Malhotra, IITM (Lecture-1)

 Unit-I
FUNDAMENTAL OF GRAMMAR & THEIR
USAGE

Common Noun
The mane shared in common by everyone
of the same class or group is a common
noun.

Birds Books
Ms. Latika Malhotra, IITM (Lecture-1)
ACTIVITY

Ms. Latika Malhotra, IITM (Lecture-1)

Underline Nouns
1. Always speak the truth.
2. We all love honesty.
3. I have two children.
4. The lion is the king of the beasts.
5. Solomon was the wisest of all kings.
6. Cleanliness is next to godliness.
7. Birds of a feather flock together.
8. Who teaches you grammar?
9. The Nile is the longest of all rivers.
10. A committee of six was appointed to
assess the situation.

Ms. Latika Malhotra, IITM (Lecture-1)

Answers
1. Always speak the truth.
2. We all love honesty.
3. I have two children.
4. The lion is the king of the beasts.
5. Solomon was the wisest of all kings.
6. Cleanliness is next to godliness.
7. Birds of a feather flock together.
8. Who teaches you grammar?
9. The Nile is the longest of all rivers.
10. A committee of six was appointed to
assess the situation.

Ms. Latika Malhotra, IITM (Lecture-1)

 Unit-I
FUNDAMENTAL OF GRAMMAR & THEIR
USAGE

Verbs express, action, occurrence, state of

being
Verbs tell what action a subject is
performing
Verbs have number, which means they are
singular (one) or plural (more than one).
The number of a verb depends on the
number of its subject.
Ms. Latika Malhotra, IITM (Lecture-1)
 Unit-I
FUNDAMENTAL OF GRAMMAR & THEIR
USAGE

PERSON OF A VERB
Verbs differ in form depending upon the
point of view or person of the pronoun
being used with them.

First person (I)

Second person (you)
Third person (he, she, it)

Ms. Latika Malhotra, IITM (Lecture-1)

 Unit-I
FUNDAMENTAL OF GRAMMAR & THEIR
USAGE
HELPING AND AUXILIARY VERBS
These verbs help to form some of the
tenses and voice of the main verb.
Common helping verbs:
shall will could would
did should must can
may have had has
do
And the forms of the verb be
is are was were
am been
Ms. Latika Malhotra, IITM (Lecture-1)
Transitive verbs
Verbs transfer their action to an object.
An object must receive the action of a
transitive verb for the meaning of the
verb to be complete.
The earthquake shook San Francisco
with a fury.

Shook transfers its action to San Francisco.

Without the word San Francisco the meaning
of the verb shook is incomplete.

Ms. Latika Malhotra, IITM (Lecture-1)

Intransitive verbs
Intransitive verbs complete the action
without an object.

I apologized for my late assignment.

Ms. Latika Malhotra, IITM (Lecture-1)

ACTIVITY

Ms. Latika Malhotra, IITM (Lecture-1)

Fill in the following blanks
You look really great! (you, work) _________ out at
the fitness center recently?
A: What (you, do)_________ when the accident
occurred?
B: I (try) _______ to change a light bulb that had
burnt out.
I (have) the same car for more than ten years. I'm
thinking about buying a new one.
A: What do you call people who work in libraries?
B: They (call) librarians.
The Maya established a very advanced civilization in
the jungles of the Yucatan; however, their culture
(disappear, virtually) by the time Europeans first
(arrive) in the New World.

Ms. Latika Malhotra, IITM (Lecture-1)

 Unit-I
FUNDAMENTAL OF GRAMMAR & THEIR
USAGE

The word which adds something to the meaning

of a noun or pronoun is called an adjective

Tired man Lazy Cat

Ms. Latika Malhotra, IITM (Lecture-1)
 Unit-I
FUNDAMENTAL OF GRAMMAR & THEIR
USAGE

Examples of adjectives

Adorable Alive Jealous

Beautiful Better Lazy
clean Careful Mysterious
clever nervous

Ms. Latika Malhotra, IITM (Lecture-1)

 Unit-I
FUNDAMENTAL OF GRAMMAR & THEIR
USAGE

The word which adds something to the meaning of

a verb. Adjective or another adverb is called an
Adverb
Words Often Used as Adverbs Almost
So
Away Later Clearly Too
Here Now Easily More
Inside Soon Quietly Least
There Then Slowly Extremely
Quite
Up Tomorrow Very
Not
Ms. Latika Malhotra, IITM (Lecture-1)
 Unit-I
FUNDAMENTAL OF GRAMMAR & THEIR
USAGE

A pronoun is a word that takes the place of one

or more nouns.

Ms. Latika Malhotra, IITM (Lecture-1)

 List of Pronouns
Singular Plural
I we
Subject Pronouns you you
he, she, it they

me us
Object Pronouns you you
him, her, it them
Ms. Latika Malhotra, IITM (Lecture-1)
ACTIVITY

Ms. Latika Malhotra, IITM (Lecture-1)

Correct the following sentences
The union leader talked to John and I
about the demands they were going to
give to the company.
Every student should make their own list
of their most common mistakes.
The boat was tossed up and down
because the sea was huge and rolling, and
it just wanted it to stop.

(Lecture-1)
 Unit-I
FUNDAMENTAL OF GRAMMAR & THEIR
USAGE

Verb tense expresses the time of an event

or action. Time and how it is expressed
in writing is very important to English
readers. The English language has
twelve different tenses.

Lecture-2
Classification of Tense Based on
Time frame
The verb tenses may be
categorized according to the time
frame:
Present Tense
Past Tense
Future Tense

Lecture-2
Present Tense :---
Present tense expresses an unchanging,
repeated, or reoccurring action or situation that
exists only now. It can also represent a widespread
truth.

Past Tense :---

Past tense expresses an action or
situation that was started and finished in the past.

Future Tense :---

Future tense expresses an action or
situation that will occur in the future.

Lecture-2
Classification of Tense Based on
Aspect
Verb tenses may also be categorized
according to aspect. Aspect refers to
the nature of the action described by
the verb.There are four aspects:
Indefinite or Simple
Continuous or Progressive
Perfect or Complete
Perfect Continuous

Lecture-2
 Indefinite Tense
The three indefinite tenses, or simple tenses,
describe an action but do not state whether the
action is finished.
Continuous Tense
The three continuous tenses, incomplete
tenses, or progressive tenses, describe an
unfinished action.
Perfect Tense
The three complete tenses, or perfect tenses,
describe a finished action.
Perfect Continuous Tense
To combine the complete tenses and the
incomplete tenses, to describe an action which
was in progress and then finished
Lecture-2
There are twelve possible verb
tenses.
Verb Tenses

Present Past Future

Present Indefinite Past Indefinite Future Indefinite

Present Continuous Past Continuous Future Continuous
Present Perfect Past Perfect Future Perfect
Present Perfect Cont. Past Perfect Cont. Future Perfect Cont.

Lecture-2
 Here is a list of rules of these
tenses:
Perfect
Perfect
Simple Forms Progressive Forms Progressive
Forms
Forms

Ist form + s / am/is/are + Ist have/has + have/has been +

Present es form + ing IIIrd form Ist form + ing

was/were + Ist had + IIIrd had been + Ist

Past IInd form
form + ing form form + ing

will/shall + Ist will be + Ist form will have + will have been +
Future form + ing IIIrd form Ist form + ing
Lecture-2
Past Indefinite Tense
The simple past is used to
describe an action, an event, or condition
that occurred in the past.
For Example
I played.
He / She played.

Lecture-2
Past Continuous Tense
The past continuous tense is used
to described actions ongoing in the past.
For Example
I was playing.
He / She was playing.
You were playing.

Lecture-2
Past Perfect Tense

The past perfect tense is used

to refer to actions that took place and
were completed in the past.
For Example
I had played.
He / She had played.

Lecture-2
Past Perfect Cont.Tense
The past perfect continuous
is used to indicate that a continuing action
in the past began before another past
action began or interrupted the first
action.
For Example
I had been playing.
He / She had been playing.

Lecture-2
Future Tense

Future

Future Indefinite Tense

Future Continuous Tense

Future Perfect Tense

Future Perfect Cont.Tense

Lecture-2
Future Indefinite Tense
The simple future is used to
refer to actions that will take place after
the act of speaking or writing.
For Example
I shall play.
He / She will play.

Lecture-2
Future Continuous Tense

The future continuous tense is

used to describe actions ongoing in the
future. The future progressive is used to
refer to continuing action that will occur
in the future.
For Example
I shall be playing.
He / She will be playing.

Lecture-2
Future Perfect Tense

The future perfect is used to

refer to an action that will be completed
sometime in the future before another
action takes place.
For Example
I shall have played.
He / She will have played.

Lecture-2
Future Perfect Continuous
Tense
The future perfect continuous
tense is used to indicate a continuing action
that will be completed at some specified time in
the future.
For Example
I shall have been playing.
He / She will have been playing.

Lecture-2
 Here is a list of examples of these tenses

Perfect
Simple Progressive Perfect
Progressive
Forms Forms Forms
Forms

I have I have been

Present I play I am playing
played playing

I was I had I had been

Past I played
playing played playing

I shall I shall have

I shall I shall be
Future play playing
have been
played playing

Lecture-2
ACTIVITY

Lecture-2
Use correct form of verb
It (rain) all week. I hope it stops by
Saturday because I want to go to the
beach.
I am sick of rain and bad weather!
Hopefully, when we (wake) up tomorrow
morning, the sun (shine) .
Listen Priya, I don't care if you (miss)
missed the bus this morning.You (be) late
to work too many times.You are fired!
Lecture-2
 Unit-I
FUNDAMENTAL OF GRAMMAR & THEIR
USAGE

They are Auxiliary verbs that Modal verbs are sometimes

provide additional and specific referred to as
meaning to the main verb of the Modal Auxiliary verbs because
sentence they help other verbs

Lecture-2
 They are:
Can Ought to
Could
May
Might
Must
Shall
Should
Will
Would

Lecture-2
What do they express?
They can have more than one meaning
depending on the situations
To understand it better we are going to divide them into
3 categories
1. Single Concept Modal: they have one meaning
2. Double Concept Modal: they have two meanings
3. Modals in past: They are used to express a situation in
the past

Lecture-2
Categories

Single concept Double Concept Modals in Past

Modals Modals
Will May Would have
Might Must Could have
Should Would Might have
Ought to Shall Should have
Had better Could May have
Can Must have

Lecture-2
 Single Concept Modal
Modal Concept Examples
Will Future Joe will travel to NY next week

Might Small probability I might move to Canada some day

Should Recommendation You should go to the doctor

Ought to Formal We ought to know about first aids

recommendation
Had better Warning I had better study or I will fail the
test

Lecture-2
 Double Concept Modal
Modal Concept Examples
May (1) Permission May I come in?

May (2) Good probability We may visit Mexico this summer

Must (1) Responsibility Everyone must pay taxes

Must (2) Assumption She didnt arrive. She must be sick

Would (1) Past (used to) When I was young, I would play
soccer

Would (2) Present unreal I would buy the car but I cant afford
it

Lecture-2
 Double Concept Modal
Modal Concept Examples
Shall (1) Educated expression Excuse me, I shall go now
Offer Shall I clean it?
Shall (2) Contractual obligation The company shall pay on January 1st

Could (1) Unreal Ability I could go if I had time

Could (2) Past Ability She could play the piano, not anymore

Can (1) Present Ability We can speak English

Can (2) Permission Can I have a sweet?

Lecture-2
 PROBABILITY/ ABILITY PERMISSION OBLIGATION/ OFFERS
POSSIBILITY ADVICE
CAN I can play the Can I go out
piano tonight?
CANT She cant be his mum. I cant speak Can I borrow the
She s too young German car? No, I cant.

MIGHT It might rain tomorrow

COULD It could rain tomorrow I could already Could I see your

read when I was passport please,
two sir?
MAY It may rain tomoroww May I leave the
table?
MUST She must be his sister You must leave
because they look before the clock
alike. strikes twelve.
HAVE TO I have to study
tonight.
SHALL You shall pay on Shall I help you?
Tuesday
SHOULD / You should see it.
OUGHT TO Its excellent.

HAD BETTER You had better

sleep more.
WOULD Would you like a
drink?

Lecture-2
Modals in the Past
They are modals referred to actions that
happened in the past

MODAL + HAVE + verb in past participle

It must have been a difficult decision

They should have invited her to their wedding

Lecture-2
 Modals in Past : Modal + have + past
participle

Modal Concept Example

Would have Past unreal action I would have bought the car, but I didnt
have money
Could have Past unreal Ability She could have taken the flight

May have Past unreal We may have passed the test, but it was in
Possibility French
Might have Past Unreal Small You might have sold the house, if you
Probability really needed the money

Should have Past unreal You should have listened to the doctor
Recommendation
Must have Past unreal We must have been crazy!
Assumption
Lecture-2
ACTIVITY

Lecture-2
Correct these incorrect sentences
I should of gone to bed earlier last night.
We coulda gone to the concert, but now
its too late
What should I of done?
Although they didnt make it to the party,
they should of.
I woulda gone to class if I hadnt been
eaten by the one-eyed, blind, purple
people-eater
Lecture-2
 ROOT WORDS, PREFIXES & SUFFIXES

Root word
Root words are real words that we use
to build other words by adding prefixes
and suffixes
Example:
Like
Dis-like
Lik-ed

Lecture-2
 Prefixes
Prefixes come at the beginning of the
word
Prefix Meaning Examples

A-, An- Not, without Amoral, anesthetic

Com- With, together Communal,

community
Dis- Apart, not Disengage,
discomfort
Im- Not Imperfect, impolite

Micro- Small Microscope

Lecture-2
 Suffixes
Suffixes come at the end of the word
Suffix Meaning Examples
-cide Kill(ing) Suicide, infanticide
-ism The belief in Communism,
terrorism
-ist One who believes Communist, pacifist
in
-logy Study field of Biology, cardiology
-phobia Exaggerated fear Claustrophobia,
agoraphobia
Lecture-2
 HOMOPHONES AND
HOMONYMS
Homophones Homonyms

Noun: Each of Noun. Two or

two or more more words
words having that may have
the same the same
pronounciation sound and the
but different same spelling
meanings and but differ in
spelling. meaning.
Lecture-2
Examples of homophones
Right - Write - Wright
Buy - By - Bye
For Fore - Four
Allot - A Lot
Heard Herd
To - Too Two
Weather - Whether

Lecture-2
Examples of Homonyms
Pole
Record
Content
Deliberate
Tear
Polish
Stalk
Skate

Lecture-2
 IDIOMS
Idioms & PHRASES
& Phrases

Lecture-3
Idioms & Phrases

(To) break the news - to make something

known
Neerav and Shikha are getting married, but they
haven't yet broken the news to their parents.

(To) go back to the drawing board - to

start a task over because the last try failed;
to start again from the beginning.
Rahuls new business failed, so he had to go back
to the drawing board.

Lecture-3
Idioms & Phrases
(To) give someone the ax - to fire
someone
Neha used to talk to her friends on the phone
all day at work, until one day her boss finally
gave her the ax.

(To) lose one's temper - to become

very angry
When Jatin handed in his Assignment two
weeks late, his teacher really lost her
temper.

Lecture-3
 SYNONYMS
Synonyms are words with the same or similar
meanings.
Words that are synonyms are said to
be synonymous, and the state of being a synonym
is called synonymy.
Note that synonyms are defined with respect to
certain senses of words;
for instance, pupil is not synonymous with student.
Likewise, he expired means the same as he died,
yet my passport has expired cannot be replaced
by my passport has died.

Lecture-3
Examples:
Beautiful: Attractive, Pretty, Lovely, Stunning
Fair: Just, Objective, Impartial, Unbiased
Funny: Humorous, Comical, Hilarious, Hysterical
Happy: Content, Joyful, Mirthful, Upbeat
Hardworking: Diligent, Determined, Industrious,
Enterprising
Honest: Honorable, Fair, Sincere, Trustworthy
Intelligent: Smart, Bright, Brilliant, Sharp
Introverted: Shy, Bashful, Quiet, Withdrawn
Kind: Thoughtful, Considerate, Amiable, Gracious

Lecture-3
 ANTONYMS
ANTONYM
a word opposite in meaning to another. Fa
st is an antonym of slow.
Fat and skinny Clever and foolish
Last and first Smart and dumb
Foolish and wise Risky and safe
Warm and cool Pretty and ugly
Wide and narrow Best and worst
Abundant and scarce Simple and challenging
Joy and grief Worried and calm
Dark and light
Lecture-3
 PUNCTUATION MARKS
A System composed of conventional signs
(punctuation marks) and spaces is
employed to organize written and printed
language in order to make it as readable,
clear, and logical as possible.
Using punctuation marks correctly can
greatly enhance both the clarity and the
power of your writing.

Lecture-3
 The Fourteen Punctuation Marks In English
1. the period, .
2. question mark, ?
3. exclamation point, !
4. comma, ,
5. semicolon, ;
6. colon, :
7. dash, _
8. hyphen, -
9. parentheses, ()
10. brackets, []
11. braces, {}
12. apostrophe,
13. quotation marks, and
14. Ellipses
15. Asterisk *
Lecture-3
 Prepositions
A preposition links nouns,
pronouns and phrases to
other words in a
sentence.
indicates the temporal,
spatial or logical
relationship of its object
to the rest of the
sentence
*The book is beneath
the table.
* She read the book
during class.

Lecture-4
 Conjunction
Can be used to LINK words, phrases, or
clauses

"and," "but," "or," "nor," "for," "so," or "yet"

Lecture-4
 Interjections

Interjections are uncommon in

formal academic prose, except
in direct quotations

a word added to a sentence to

convey emotion.
Hey, Put that down!
Ouch, That hurt!
Lecture-4
 NEGATIVE SENTENCES

You can make negative sentences similar to the

sentences before. The only different is to add NOT after
am, is, are, as you can see in the following chart.

She is not sad They are not in the school

Lecture-4
 NEGATIVE SENTENCES

I am not I`m not

He He`s not = He isnt

She is not Shes not = She isnt
It Its not = It isnt
We Were not = We arent
You are not Youre not = You arent
They Theyre not = They arent

Lecture-4
 YES / NO QUESTIONS
In English we have to kind of questions:
Yes/No questions and Wh-questions.
The Yes / No Questions are called that
because the answers always start with Yes
or No
Remember to answer Yes/No questions
you have to pay attention to the subject.

Lecture-4
 YES / NO QUESTIONS

Affirmative Statement: John and Peter are students.

Yes / No question: Are John and Peter students?
Short Answers: Yes, they are / No, they arent
Full /Complete Yes, they are students. / No they
Answers: are not students.
Affirmative Statement: Mary is tall and thin.
Yes / No question: Is Mary tall and thin?
Short Answers: Yes, she is / No, she isnt
Full /Complete Yes, she is tall and thin. / No, she
Answers: Lecture-4
is not tall and thin
 WH - QUESTIONS
The wh-questions look for information
accoding to the question word.
In this kind of questions you never answer
Yes or No, because they are asking for
some information. The answer is a
statement with the information according
to the question word.

Lecture-4
 WH - QUESTIONS

Wh-word Information Example

about
What Things What is this? It is a book.
Name What is your name? Roberth.
Occupations What do you do? I am a driver.
Activities What is he doing? Hes working
Who People Who is the director of the school?
Carlos Samaniego.
Where Places Where is he? In the house.
How State How are you? I am sad.
Form / manner
Lecture-4
How is Loja? It is small.
 REVIEW
Negative
Statement Yes/No Question Short Answers
Statements

Yes, you are / No, you

I am a teacher. I am not a teacher. Am I a teacher?
are not

You are a You are not a

Are you a student? Yes, I am / No, I am not
student. student.

He is in the lab. He is not in the lab. Is he in the lab? Yes, he is / No, he is not

Yes, she is / No, she is

She is my sister. She is not my sister. Is she my sister?
not

It is a city. It is not a city. Is it a city? Yes, it is / No, it is not

Yes, we are / No, we are

We are friends. We are not friends. Are we friends?
not

They are They are not Yes, they are / No they

Are they doctors?
doctors. doctors. Lecture-4 are not
 The passive sentence
ACTIVE VOICE
Robert gave a coin
Active Active Direct
Subject Verb Object

Passive Passive Agent

Subject Verb
by

PASSIVE VOICE
was given by

Lecture-5
 The passive sentence
ACTIVE VOICE
Robert gave a coin to Tom
Active Active Direct Indirect
Subject Verb Object Object

Passive Passive Direct Agent

Subject Verb Object
by

PASSIVE VOICE
was given by

Lecture-5
 Structure of the verb
TENSES EXAMPLES
Present Simple Pigs are often used to find truffles
Present Continuous My house is being redecorated at the moment
Present Perfect I have never been given flowers on my birthday
Past Simple This picture was painted by Picasso
Past Continuous When I saw him he was being followed by the
police
Past Perfect She was angry because she had already been told
three times
Future Simple When you get there everything will be finished
Going to - Future They are not going to be easily convinced
Conditional Simple You would be punished if they found out
Conditional Perfect If you hadnt told them would I have been invited?
Lecture-5
 Examples
1/ They have cut the grass
2/ The grass has been cut

1/ My mother is going to give me a present

2/ I am going to be given a present by my mother
1/ Susan wrote an e-mail to him
1/ He was written an e-mail by Susan

Lecture-5
Direct & Indirect Speech
Indirect speech or reported speech
reports what a speaker said without
using the exact words.

In reporting speech the tense usually

changes. This is because when we use
reported speech, we are usually talking
about a time in the past.

Lecture-5
Examples:
He said, I live in Mumbai.

He said that he lived in Mumbai.

Lecture-5
 It is a beautiful dress, she said.

She told her that is was a beautiful dress.

He said, I speak English.

He said that he spoke English.

Lecture-5
Tense Change

Lecture-5
 Direct Speech Reported Speech

Simple Present Simple Past

-Mamta said, It is hot. -Mamta said that it was hot.

-I am a lucky person, he said. He said that he was a lucky person.

Simple Past Past Perfect

They said, we were at work. They said that they had been at work
-Tom said, I went to the mall. Tom said that he had gone to the mall.

Present Perfect Past perfect

-She has been at home today. She said she had been at home today
-Priyam said, I have learn to write. Priyam said that he had learn to write.

Lecture-5
 Past Perfect Past Perfect

He said, I hadnt eaten this before. He said he hadnt eaten this before.

Future Will Simple Conditional Would

- Shweta said, I will be 19 years old -Shweta said that he would be 19 years
next Monday. old next Monday.
- I will be happy, she said. - She said she would be happy.

Lecture-5
 Modals Change
Direct Speech Indirect Speech

Can Could
Examples: Examples:
- She said, I can go to the party -She said she could go to the party
tonight. that night.
- They said to me, you can do it. -They said to me that I could do it.
May Might
Examples: Examples:
- May I sleep, he said. -He said he might sleep.
-The kids said, we may go to school -The kids said they might go to school
everyday. everyday.
Might Might
Examples: Examples:
-You might go to church. -She said that I might go to church.

Ms. Latika Malhotra, IITM

 Direct Speech Indirect Speech

Must Had to
Example: Example:
-Mom said to her kids, you must pick up -Mom said to her kids that they had to
your toys. pick up their toys.

Should Should
Example: Example:
- I should have learned French, she - She said to her mom that she should
said to her mom. have learned French.

Ought to Ought to
Example: Example:
-The doctor recommended , you -The doctor recommended that he
ought to rest. ought to rest.

Ms. Latika Malhotra, IITM

 Practice
1. "I take English classes at IITM."
He said that
2. "I am practicing how to write a formal paragraph."
He said that
3. "I have already written this paragraph four times."
He said that
4."I really wanted to drop my English class."
He said that
5."I had made too many mistakes to continue."
He said that
6. "I am not going to give up yet."
He said that

Lecture-5
7. "I have to get a scholarship for college."
He said that

8. "I must support myself after college graduation."

He said that

9. "I cannot continue to depend on my parents."

He said that

10."I might have to work full time and go to school part time."
He said that

Lecture-5
Sentence Errors: Subject-Verb
Agreement

The subject and verb are the skeleton

of every sentence. Make sure you fit
those two important parts together
correctly!

Lecture-6
Compound subjects joined by and
If there are two or more subjects joined
by and, the subject must be plural, so the
verb will not get an s.

Example No S on
The boy and the girl dance. verb
(= They dance.)

Lecture-6
Compound subjects joined by or
If there are two or more subjects joined by
or, the verb agrees with the part of the
subject closest to it.
Examples:
The professor or the students walk the
halls.
The students or the professor walks the
halls.

Lecture-6
 Watch out for Everybody

Everybody loves grammar!

Everybody understands subject/verb
agreement.

Lecture-6
Examples
The student, though she had lots of problems
in other schools, finds her new class easy.
The students in my class study / studies hard.
There is no excuse for such behavior.
There are no excuses for such behavior.
The student who works hard will succeed.

Lecture-6
Sentence Errors
The foods that provide good nutrition are
A B
often the least tasty; a hamburger and fries,

on the other hand, satisfy the tongue but

C
clog the arteries.

Lecture-6
 Exercise- Sentence Errors
Most of this soccer equipment (belong, belongs) to
the township. 2. The delivery of milk (arrive,
arrives) each morning at six o'clock. 3. Peanut
butter and jelly (is, are) my favorite lunch. 4. The
students (walk, walks) quickly to get to class on
time. 5. Several pieces of lawn furniture (need,
needs) to be replaced. 6. Drama Club (meet,
meets) on Tuesdays and Thursdays at three o'clock.
7. Mr. and Mrs. Jones (commute, commutes) to the
city by train. 8. The big oak tree in the front yard
(shade, shades) our front porch most of the day. 9.
Sue or Jill (is, are) likely to be voted this year's
prom queen. 10. Nothing ever (seem, seems) to
bother him.
Lecture-6
Sentence errors- tenses
Teachers are having trouble controlling
students in classrooms, and it is needed
now more rules from the government.
He brushed his teeth when he got into
bed.
People will use computers for shopping as
their preferred way to spend money, but
it could not be possible to stop internet
fraud.
Lecture-6
Sentence errors- prepositions
Using the internet, people can buy things
on other countries.
They were also asked whether they
prefer to Chinese or Japanese writers.
Except coats or sweaters, students are
not permitted to wear outer clothing
such as jackets or cardigans.
They also suggest that research should be
the critical instrument to the process of
theory building.
Lecture-6
 Common errors in
Writing
&
Aids to correct Business
writing
Lecture-7
1. using an incorrect or inappropriate word.
Dont forget to eat your medicine. take
The rescuers drive helicopters to search the mountain. fly
Doing exercises extremely could cause muscle sour. sore

2. the error results from a conflict between

Mother Tongue and English grammar.
I very like English. I like English very much.
Because the weather was nice today, so we decided to go out.
because or so
Although I was busy, but I helped him anyway.
although or but
We are difficult to find a job these days.
It is difficult

Lecture-7
3. confusing common pairs of words.
He went aboard to study English. abroad
The curriculum contains courses in computing.
includes

Healthy foods that contain vitamin B1 include: lentils, peas,

brown rice, spinach

4. using literal (word-for-word) translation of a

phrase or concept that does not exist in
English.
Wish you have a success on the job interview.
Good luck on your job interview !

Lecture-7
5. Using grammatically correct expressions that do not
exist in English - the expression sounds strange in
English.

We hope you achieve a success with your new book.

We hope your new book does well.

6. Using mixed or incorrect levels of formality.

(the tone of ones message must be consistent with the
tone of the entire message as well as the purpose and the
writers relationship to the reader)

Should you have any further questions, please feel free to

contact me immediately.

if you have any questions, please call or write me.

Lecture-7
7. Subject Verb agreement

Some of the houses was destroyed in the battle.

were

8. Informal writing or colloquial language

Off course, I think this area is so important for

our current society. critical, essential
You can see from the table easily that.
As shown ..

Lecture-7
9. Definite article the

The Mount Everest is the highest point of the world.

10. Confusion and unclarity Dangling or misplaced

modifiers / pronouns

Having arrived late for practice, a written excuse was needed.

?
A survey in 1996 revealed that the anti-science tag and
antitheism has been attached to many other groups, but they
did not exist after year of 2000.

?
Lecture-7
 How to make an improvement?

The most effective way of overcoming these errors is by

learning English in a natural way and not simply memorizing
grammar rules and English words and phrase.

find materials suitable for your level, and read as much as

possible. Reading is the best way to acquire new words,
phrases, and expressions and review and reinforce the ones
you already know. It also helps you learn new grammatical
structures and sentence patterns.

try to apply what you learn. Copy words, expressions, and

sentence patterns you like and use them in your emails to
help to increase your fluency and accuracy.

Lecture-7
 Proofread carefully

1. Spelling 9. Shifts
(voice consistency with active or passive)
2.Verb forms (tense consistency with past, present,
3. Punctuation future)

4. Pronoun agreement 10. Misplaced modifiers

5. Subject-verb agreement 11. Correct word usage
6. Fragment 12. Wordiness
7. Parallel structure 13. Outdated language or informal
language
8. Possessives

Lecture-7
 Word TIP
A common noun does not need a capital letter
Noun (unless it is at the start of a sentence).

A verb must agree with the subject of a sentence

Verb We was were here yesterday.
I done did it well.
Remember capital letters for: names of people,
Proper towns, cities, days of the week, months, rivers,
addresses, countries, religions, clubs, titles.
noun
Spelling changes are often needed when you
Suffix add a suffix. Check your spelling carefully.

No spelling changes are needed when adding a

Prefix prefix. Just add it to the front of the word.
mis + spelling = misspelling
ir + regular= irregular
Use sparingly and never use more than one at
Exclamation once.
mark I dont believe it!!! I dont believe it!

Lecture-7
Lecture-7