WCDMA Radio Theory

ZTE University
Objectives

At the end of this course, you will be able to:

Master basic radio theory
Understand IMT-2000 spectrum planning
Master principles of Spread Spectrum
Communication
Content

Radio Basics

3G Spectrum Planning

Principles of Spread Spectrum Communication

Duplex mode
TDD modeSame frequency
between uplink and downlink
Adaptable to any frequency TDD ( Time division duplexing
band Such as TD-SCDMA)
Suitable for both
asymmetric and symmetric
services between uplink DUDDDDDD
and downlink
FDD modeFrequency
pairing between uplink and
FDDFrequency division duplexing
downlink Such as WCDMA and CDMA2000
Paired frequency band
needed D DDDDDD
Suitable for symmetric
services between uplink U
and downlink
Multiple Access Technologies

Multiple access technologies enable various users access public

communication line but without interference.
Three methods are frequently used: FDMA, TDMA and CDMA
FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access)

FDMA
Traffic channels are assigned to different users at
different frequency band, such as TACS, AMPS.

Users are using

different frequency
Time
FDMA

Frequency
TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access)

TDMA
Traffic channels are assigned to different users at
different time, such as GSM, DAMPS.

Users are using

different time slot
Time
TDMA

Frequency
CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access)

CDMA
Traffic channels are assigned to users at same time,
same frequency band, but with different code.

Users are using different

Time orthogonal code sequence
CDMA
Code

Frequency
CDMA Application

Users are distinguished by code

Self-interference system
CDMA is a system subject to interference (GSM is a
system subject to frequency)

BS2

BS1

Freq. 1
Code D

Freq. 1
Frequency Reuse

GSM900/1800: 3G (WCDMA):
Wireless Transmission TechnologyRTT
Requirements
Data
144 kbps High speed and driving
384 kbps Modest speed and walking
2 Mbps Low speed and indoor
Voice
4.75Kb/s -- 12.2Kb/s
Information transmission at variable rate according
to bandwidth requirements
Delay requirements of different business
3G services
Bit Error
Different QOS requirements

Delay
3G services
Categories Actual Service Delay (One-way) Bearer Speed

Voice <150ms 12.2kbps

Video Call <150ms 64kbps
Real-time VoIP <150ms 15.3~39.6kbps
Interaction <250ms N/A
Game
Real-time Voice <2s 4.7~25kbps
Streaming
Streaming
Real-time Video <2s 64kbps~2Mbps
Streaming
Web Browsing <4s N/A
Interaction WAP Browsing <4s N/A
E-commerce <4s N/A
FTP No strict N/A
Background
E-mail No strict N/A
Contents

Radio Basics

3G Spectrum Planning

Principles of Spread Spectrum Communication

IMT-2000 Spectrum Allocation
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200
2010 MHz

ITU IMT 2000 MSS IMT 2000 MSS

1885 MHz 2025 MHz 2110 MHz 2170 MHz

Europe GSM 1800 DECT UMTS MSS UMTS MSS

FDD FDD
GSM WLL WLL
TDD
China 1800
CDMA WLL
CDMA
1960

1980
1920

1945
1865

Japan PHS IMT 2000 MSS IMT 2000 MSS

1930

1945

1965
1970
1975
1865
1870

1885
1890

1910

1990 MHz 2165 MHz

PCS
USA A D B EF C A D B EF C MSS Broadcast auxiliary Reserve MSS

1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200

3G Spectrum Allocation in ChinaNov, 2002

1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 2250

ITU IMT 2000 MSS IMT 2000 MSS

1885 MHz 2025 MHz 2110 MHz 2170 MHz

1920 MHz 2010 MHz

1880 MHz 1980 MHz

China TDD FDD MSS

MSS TDD FDD MSS

2170 MHz

1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 2250

3G Spectrum Allocation in China

1755 1785 1850 1880 1920 1980 2010 2025 2110 2170 2200 2300 2400

Satellite Empty Satellite

30 40 15
60 MHz 100 MHz
MHz MHz MHz

FDD TDD 155MHz

3G Spectrum Planning in China
Main Operating Frequency Band
FDD mode1920-1980 MHz / 2110-2170 MHz

TDD mode1880-1920MHz2010-2025 MHz

Supplementary Operating Frequency Band

FDD mode1755-1785 MHz / 1850-1880 MHz

TDD mode2300-2400MHz

Frequency Band for Satellite Mobile Communication System

1980-2010 MHz / 2170-2200 MHz

The frequency bands, 825 - 835 MHz / 870 - 880 MHz, 885 -
915 MHz / 930 - 960 MHz and 1710 - 1755 MHz / 1805 - 1850
MHz, which are currently allocated to public mobile
communication system are also allocated to expanded
frequency bands of 3G public communication system, but
frequency using mode remains the same for both uplink and
downlink.
Contents

Radio Basics

3G Spectrum Planning

Principles of Spread Spectrum Communication

 Transceiver Data Processing

Handset Data Encoding Baseband Scramblin

Interleaving Modulation Spectrum g Radio Frequency
Spreading Modulation

Radio Channel

Decoding Baseband Desprea Radio Frequency

Handset Data Deinterleaving Descrambling
Demodulation ding Demodulation
Channel Encoding
Encoding PurposeTo add redundancy information into the
original data flow, which enables the receiver to detect and
correct signal errors due to transmission media, and meanwhile,
to increase data transmission speed.
No ECCBER<10-1 ~ 10-2 Cannot meet communication needs

Convolution Code
meet voice communication needs
BER<10-3

Turbo CodeBER<10-6 Meet data communication needs

High performance channel code was used in WCDMA, which improved

system performance
Coding & Decoding greatly reduced signal-noise ratio at operating point,
which is frequently used in wireless transmission.
Turbo code can make the transmission signal noise ratio close to
Shannon limit
Principles of Channel Encoding

Channel Encoding
Channel encoding is to add redundancy information to
original data, and thus gain error correcting capability
Currently, convolution code and Turbo code are
mostly used.1/2, 1/3
Encoding increased invalid load and transmission
time.
Suitable to correct a small amount of non-continuous
error.
WCDMA W W C C D D M MAA W ? C C D D M MAA
TURBO T T UURRBBOO T T ? URRBBOO
Encoding
SPEAK S S P P E E AA K K S S PPEE A? KK

Decoding
Interleaving Technology

InterleavingDisrupt the original data arrangement

role, and reorder according to certain sequence.
FunctionReduce the effects by fast fading of the
channel.
Input x1 x6 x11 x16 x21 Output
x2 x7 x22
A = (x1 x2 x3 x4 x5 x25) A= (x1 x6 x11 x16 x25)
x3 x8 x23
x4 x9 x24
x5 x10 x25

Disadvantages
Additional delay caused
In specific circumstance, several independent random
errors might intertwined to burst error.
The Use of Channel Encoding and
Interleaving
WCDMA W W C C D D M MAA WTSWTS
Encoding Interleaving
TURBO T T UURRBBOO CUPCUP
SPEAK S S PPE EAAK K DREDRE
MBAMBA
Encoding + Interleaving can correct both AOKAOK
continuous and non-continuous errors

WTS???
Decoding
W??CDDMMA? Deinterleaving ? ? ?CUP
T ? ?UR??BOO
DR?D?E
S ? ? P? EAAK K
M?AMBA
AOK?OK
Interleaving Technology
Interleaving Disrupt the original data arrangement role, and
reorder according to certain sequence.
Funtion Reduce the effects by fast fading of the channel.
Advantages:
Interleaving is to change the data flow transmission
sequence, and randomize burst errors.
Improve the effectiveness of error-correcting codes.

Disadvantages
Due to the transmission sequence change of data flow,

error correcting can only be performed after the whole data

package is received, which increased delay time.
Therefore, different interleaving depth should be chosen in
accordance with different service requirements.
In specific circumstance, several independent random

errors might intertwined to burst error.

 Transceiver Data Processing

Handset Encoding Baseband Spectrum Scramb Radio

Data Interleaving Modulation Spreading ling Frequency
Modulation

Radio
Channel

Baseband
Handset Decoding Despre Descrambli Radio Frequency
Demodulati
Data Deinterleav ading ng Demodulation
on
ing
Definition of Spread Spectrum
Communication
Spread SpectrumSS: Spread Spectrum) Communication is
referred as SS Communication.
SS Communication: To modulate at sending terminal with
spread spectrum code, and make the occupied frequency
bandwidth of the signal is more larger than the essential
bandwidth; while at the receiving terminal, same spread
spectrum code will be used to demodulate and despread, thus
to recover the information and data that been transferred.
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS)
CDMA uses a direct sequence spread spectrum, which is to
directly mix the signals that need to transfer with pseudo-
random sequence code (spreading code) whose speed is
much higher than information speed. This way, the
spectrum bandwidth of the modulated signal becomes
much bigger than the original one.
Frequency Hopping (FH)
Time Hopping (TH)
Several Forms of CDMA
DS-CDMA:
Multiple users are taking the same frequency resource at exactly

the same time and same place;

FH-CDMASingle user is taking a narrow spectrum bandwidth at
single moment; the occupied frequency changes over time according
to certain rules, which was determined by the address code.
TH-CDMASingle user is taking a wide spectrum time to time; the
occupied time changes according to certain rules, which was
determined by the address code.
Spread Spectrum Communication Basics

Spread Spectrum Communication is a technology to transmit

signal after its spectrum was expanded.
Its theoretical foundation is Shannon theorem
C=B*log2(1+S/N)

CChannel Capacity, Unit b/s

BSignal BandwidthUnit Hz
SAverage Signal PowerUnit W
NAverage Noise PowerUnit W
ConclusionWhen channel capacity C keeps the same, signal
bandwidth B and S/N ratio can definitely be exchanged, which
means, a satisfactory transmission quality can be gained by
increasing transmission system bandwidth at a low S/N ratio.
Direct Spread Spectrum Communication
Spread-spectrum signal

Low speed signal Demodulated signal

TX RX

High speed spread-spectrum sequences High speed spread-spectrum sequences

Speed of spread-spectrum code3.84Mc/s

Spread-spectrum code OVSF code
The Orthogonality of Code Sequences

Orthogonality of Code
Sequences
Accumulation of 0 indicates
orthogonality
WCDMA System Spreading Code
(Channelization Code)
WCDMA spreading code is generated by Walsh
function, which is called OVSF code (Orthogonal
Variable Spreading Factor code), OVSF codes
becomes zero when cross-correlating with each
other, and they are completely orthogonal.
Walsh function is a non-sinusoidal but completely
orthogonal function system, which can be
constituted through recurrence relations of
Hadamard matrix H. Because its possible values
can only be +1 and -1 (or 0 and 1), thus makes it
suitable to express and process digital signals.
Walsh function is of the ideal cross-correlation
properties. In Walsh function, the cross-correlation
function of each two is 0, which means they are
orthogonal for each other.
OVSF- Orthogonal variable spreading factor

OVSFOrthogonal variable spreading factor

C ch,4,0 =(1,1,1,1)
C = (1,1)
ch,2,0
C = (1,1,-1,-1)
ch,4,1
C = (1)
ch,1,0

C = (1,-1,1,-1)
ch,4,2
C = (1,-1)
ch,2,1
C = (1,-1,-1,1)
ch,4,3

SF = 1 SF = 2 SF = 4
Spread Spectrum of WCDMA System

Data Spread
Symbol Spectrum
Chip

OVSF Code Scrambling

Code

Symbol Speed Spreading

FactorChip Speed
SF for uplink channel code4~256

SF for downlink channel code4~512

 WCDMA Spread Spectrum Illustration

1
User data
1
-1+1-1-1+1-1
Spread spectrum
1
SS code
+1-1-1+1-1+1+1-1 1

1
SS signal
User dataSS code 1
Despread
1

1
Despread data
User dataSS code 1
WCDMA Despread

Despread method

Input signal Despread output

Ts
(*)dt
0

Judge at the time when T=Ts

Integration
Local PN code
Example of Spread/Despread Process

-1 1 -1 1 -1 1 1 -1 1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1 1 1 1
Spread Despread -1 1 -1 1 1 -1 1 -1

1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1
1 1 1 1

-4 4 -1 1
Integration Judge
0 0
Different users are using different spread
spectrum code
Example of Spread/Despread

S1 S1xC1

Spread
W

S2 S2XC2 Air Interface

S
[S1xC1+S2xC2]xC1=S1 Despread
N
(S1xC1)+(S2xC2)

Orthogonality of C1
[S1xC1+S2xC2]xC2=S2
and C2C1xC2=0
Quality Factor of Spread Spectrum Eb/No

PG=Wc/R PG Eb/No
Wc is chip rate
R is information
rate

Signals from other users

Relation between Eb/N0 and PG

Signal Power S E/t Noise Power N

Eb = = = N0 = =
Bit Rate R B/t Bandwidth W

Signal to Noise
S
R
Eb S W S W
= = X = X
N0 R N N R
N
W
Processing Gain

The more the expansion multiples, the higher the

processing gain, the stronger the anti-jamming capability
SS Communication Illstration
Sf Sf

Signal
Signal

f0 f0 f
f
Signal spectrum before spreading Signal spectrum after spreading

Sf Sf

Interference noise Signal

Signal Interference noise

f0 f f0 f
Signal spectrum after despreading
Signal spectrum before despreading

Signal Narrow-band interference Broad-band interference

Features of SS Communication

Strong anti-jamming capability

High privacy
Low emission power
Easy practice of larger-capacity and multi-access
communication
Broad frequency band
Transceiver Data Processing

Encoding
Interleaving

Handset Scramb Radio

Baseband Spectrum
Data ling Frequency
Modulation Spreading
Modulation

Radio
Channel

Hands Baseband Descrambli Radio Frequency

et Despre Demodulation
Demodulation ng
Data ading

Decoding
Deinterleav
ing
Introduction to Scrambling

Data Chip after

Bit spreading

OVSF code Scrambling

Scrambling make user information pseudo-randomized, which

raised information privacy
WCDMA scrambling is a Gold code sequence generated from
the superimposition of two m sequences (the maximum-length
linear shift register sequences)
Scrambling is made up of uplink scrambling and downlink
scrambling, with different functions respectively
Scrambling in WCDMA System
Scrambling in WCDMA system is a kind of pseudo-random
sequence (PN code)
It has the properties similar to noise sequence, apparently
random but actually a binary sequence with regular
periodic manner. By scrambling, user data are further
randomized, which strengthened privacy, and meanwhile,
made multiple access communication more convenient.

WCDMA Scrambling code is Sequence generated by GOLD

Gold sequence is of wonderful auto-correlating property, and its
sub-sequences are of small correlation, which is used in CDMA
for distinguishing cells and users to conduct multiple access
Functions of Uplink/Downlink Scrambling

Uplink scrambling contains 224 codes, which are

used to distinguish different users in same cell.
There are long scrambling codes and short
scrambling codes, in which, short scrambling codes
are used for multiple user detection.
Downlink scrambling contains 218-1 codes, which
are used to distinguish different cells.
The frequently used scrambling codes are 01
8191made up of totally 512 collections, and each
collection contains one primary scrambling code and
15 secondary scrambling codes.
512 primary scrambling codes make 64 scrambling
code groups, and each group contains 8 primary
scrambling codes.
Transceiver Data Processing
Spectrum
Spreading

Handset Encoding Baseband Scramb Radio

Data Interleaving Modulation ling Frequency
Modulation

Radio
Channel
Baseband
Demodulation
Hands Descrambli Radio Frequency
et Decoding
Deinterleavi Despre ng Demodulation
Data ading
ng
WCDMA Modulation

Uplink Modulation BPSK

Downlink Modulation QPSK (16QAM modulation
was introduced in HSDPA stage)
 Physical Channel Spread-Spectrum
Modulation Process-Downlink
Sdl,n
Serial-Parallel Switch I+jQ
Cch,SF,m
Downlink physical
channel 1 G1
j
Sdl,n P-SCH

Downlink physical I+jQ
Cch,SF,m Gp
channel 2 S-SCH
Serial-Parallel Switch

G2
j Gp

cos(wt)
Re(T)
Pulse
Forming
Separation of real parts and imaginary parts
Pulse
Im(T)
Forming
-sin(wt)
Physical Channel Spread-Spectrum
Modulation Process-Uplink
Cd,1 d
DPDCH1
Cd,3 d I
DPDCH3
Cd,5 d
cc Sdpch,n
DPDCH5
I+jQ
Cd,2 d
DPDCH2 Q
Cd,4 d
DPDCH4 Q
Cd,6 d
DPDCH6
Cc c j
cc
DPCCH

cos(wt)
Re(S) Pulse
Forming
Separation of real parts and imaginary parts
Im(S) Pulse
Forming -sin(wt)
Questions

1Channel, Multiple Access and Multiplexing

2 Functions of Encoding and Interleaving
3 Principles of Spread Spectrum
4 Realization of Spread Spectrum in WCDMA