Balancing

Kannan S
Asst.Professor
School of Mechanical and Building Sciences (SMBS)
VIT University, Chennai-600127
Kannan.s@vit.ac.in
Office:044-39931094
 Overview

Introduction to balancing.
Static and dynamic balancing.
Balancing of rotating masses.
Balancing of reciprocating engine.
Balancing of multi-cylinder engines.
Balancing machines.
 Reasons for unbalance

Un-even distribution of material.

Errors in machining, casting and forging.
Improper boring.
Assembly errors and improper selection of
keys
 Static Balance

The requirement for static balance is that the sum

of all forces in the moving system including the
inertia force must be equal to zero.
Another name of static balance is single-plane
balance.
Examples of static balance:
Single gear or pulley in a shaft.
An airplane propeller.
Individual turbine blade wheel.
Static Balance
 Static Balance

Four masses m1,m2,m3 and m4 are 200kg, 300kg,

240 kg and 260 kg. The corresponding radii of
rotations are 0.2m,0.15m,0.25m and 0.3m
respectively. The angle between successive masses
are 45 deg, 75 deg and 135 deg.Find the position of
balance mass required, if the radius of rotation is
0.2m
 Dynamic Balance
Dynamic balance is called two-plane balance.
It requires two conditions to be met.
Sum of forces must be zero (static balance) and
sum of moments also equal to zero.
Examples of Dynamic balance:
Cam shaft
Crankshaft
Axles
Cluster of multiple gears.
Dynamic Balance
 Dynamic Balance (Example)

A shaft carries 4 masses of A,B,C and D of magnitude

200kg,300kg,400kg and 200kg respectively and
revolving at a radii 80mm,70mm,60mm and 80mm in
the planes measured from A at 300mm,400mm and
700mm. The angles between the crank measured
anticlockwise are A to B 45 Deg, B to C 70 Deg and C
to D 120 Deg. The balancing mass are to be placed in
planes X and Y. Distance between plane A and X is
100mm, X and Y is 400mm and Y and D is 200mm. If
the balancing masses revolve at 100mm, find
magnitude and angular positions.
Given Data
Couple Polygon
Force Polygon
 Solution
Mass at Y Plane=182.5 Kg
Mass at X Plane=355 Kg.
Angular Position of Y Plane mass= 12 Degrees
(CW).
Angular Position of X Plane mass=145 Degrees
(CW).
Balancing of Reciprocating masses
 Balancing of Reciprocating parts
Concept of Shaking Force and Shaking Couple.
Concept of Primary Unbalance force and Secondary
Unbalance Force.
Partial Balancing of Un-balanced
Primary Force
 Types of Two Cylinder
Locomotives
Locomotives usually have 2 cylinders with cranks
placed right angles to each other.
Types of Two Cylinder Locomotive are:
Inside Cylinder Locomotive: Two cylinders are
placed in between the driving wheels.
Outside cylinder locomotive: Two cylinders are
outside the driving wheels.
Locomotives Types
 Effects of Partial Balancing
Variationof Tractive Force.
Swaying Couple.
Hammer Blow.
Variation of Traction Force
Swaying Couple
 Problem
An Inside Cylinder Locomotive has its cylinder
center lines 0.7m apart and has a stroke of
0.6m. The rotating masses per cylinder are
equivalent to 150kg at the crank pin, and the
reciprocating masses is 180kg. The wheel
center lines are 1.5m apart. The cranks are at
right angles.
The whole of rotating and 2/3rd of
reciprocating masses are to be balanced by a
masses placed at 0.6m. Find the magnitude and
direction of balancing masses.
Find: Fluctuation of rail pressure under
one wheel (hammer blow), variation of tractive
force and the magnitude of swaying couple at a
Solution- Force and Couple Polygons
Balancing of Multi Cylinder Engine
Secondary Crank (Imaginary
Crank)
 Balancing of Multi-cylinder Inline
Engine
A four crank engine has the two outer cranks set at
120 Deg to each other and their reciprocating
masses are each 400 kg. The distance between the
planes of rotation of cranks are 450mm, 750mm and
600mm. If the engine is to be completely primary
balanced, find the reciprocating mass and the
relative angular position of each inner cranks.
If length of crank is 300mm, the length of
connecting rod is 1.2m and the speed of rotation is
240 rpm. What is the secondary Unbalanced Force?
Primary Force and Couple polygon
Secondary Crank Location & Force
Polygon
Static wheel balancers
Soft suspension dynamic wheel
balancers
Hard suspension dynamic wheel
balancers