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Chapter 12 2
Chapter 12 2
INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS
IS THERE A DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
INSTRUCTIONAL METHODS AND INSTRUCTIONAL
MATERIALS
INSTRUCTIONAL METHODS
INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS
Instructional Methods and Material are NOT the same and a clear
distinction should be made between them .
Media should:
Change behavior by influencing a gain in
cognitive, affective, and/or psychomotor
skills
Enhance learningno one tool is better
than another
Complement the instructional methods
General Principles (contd)
2. Content
Definition: actual information imparted to the learner
3. Presentation
Definition: Weston and Canston (1986) states that the
form of the message; in other words how information
is presented is the form most important for
selecting/developing instructional materials
They describe the form of the message as occurring a
long a continuum from Concrete to Abstract
including ;
COMPONENTS (CONTD)
Advantages
Available to learner in absence of teacher
Widely acceptable, familiar
Readily available
Relatively cheap
Convenient form
Learner controls rate of reading
Content easily altered to target specific audiences
WRITTEN MATERIALS (CONTD)
Disadvantages
Most abstract form of reality
Immediate feedback limited
Proper reading level essential for full usefulness
Less useful with low literate learners or visually or
cognitively impaired learners
Inappropriate for illiterate learners
WRITTEN MATERIALS
Example of Written Materials ; Commercially Prepared
materials
Who produced the item? Was there any input by healthcare professionals?
Can the item be previewed?
The price must be consistent with its educational value.
WRITTEN MATERIALS
your patients.
healthcare team.
concepts.
EVALUATING PRINTED MATERIALS
Educator must consider :
Nature of the audience
Literacy level required
Linguistic variety available
Brevity and clarity
Layout and appearance
Opportunity for repetition
Concreteness and familiarity
DEMONSTRATION MATERIALS
Disadvantages
Take up a lot of space
Time-consuming to prepareoften reused, outdated
May be overused
Unsuitable for large audiences
DEMONSTRATION MATERIALS
Models
DEMONSTRATION MATERIALS
Models are usually three-dimensional instructional tools that allow the
learner to immediately apply knowledge and psychomotor skills by
observing ,examining ,manipulating handling ,assembling and
disassembling objects while the teacher provides feedback (Rankin &
Stealing 2001)
DEMONSTRATION MATERIALS MODELS
Advantages
Useful when real object is too small, too large, too
expensive, unavailable, or too complex
Allows safe, hands-on practice
More active involvement by the learner with
immediate feedback available
Readily available
DEMONSTRATION MATERIALS
MODELS (CONTD)
Disadvantages
themes.
DEMONSTRATION MATERIALS
Displays
Babcock and Miller (1994) suggested important guidelines when
using chalkboards and white marker boards as follows;
Posters
Which poster is more helpful .!!!
DEMONSTRATION MATERIALS
Posters
When using poster the educators must Consider:
Color (opposite spectrum, one color should make up as 70% of the
display)
Graphics should be easily interpreted
White space and another background color
Avoid unfamiliar words and symbols
KISS principle (keep it small and simple)
Keep learning objectives in mind for the focus of the display tool
Be sure content is free from spelling and grammar mistake
Balance Titles / Script
AUDIOVISUAL MATERIALS
Factors in selection
Technical feasibility
Economic feasibility
Social/political acceptability
Instructor familiarity
AUDIOVISUAL MATERIALS
AUDIOVISUAL MATERIALS
psychomotor skills
AUDIOVISUAL MATERIALS
Audiovisual materials can be categorized in to five major types ;
Advantages
Most effectively used with groups
Especially beneficial with hearing-impaired, low-
literate learners
Excellent media for use in teaching psychomotor
skills
PROJECTED LEARNING RESOURCES (CONTD)
Disadvantages
Lack of flexibility due to static content of some forms
Some forms may be expensive
Requires darkened room for some forms
Requires special equipment for use
AUDIO LEARNING RESOURCES
Disadvantages
Relies only on sense of hearing
Some forms may be expensive
Lack of opportunity for interaction between
instructor and learner
VIDEO LEARNING RESOURCES
Disadvantages
Viewing formats limited depending on use of VHS or
DVD
Some commercial products may be expensive
Some purchased materials may be too long or
inappropriate for audience
TELECOMMUNICATIONS LEARNING
RESOURCES
Telecommunications Learning Resources includes
Television, Telephones
Advantages
Relatively inexpensive, widely available
Disadvantages
Complicated to set up interactive capability
Expensive to broadcast via satellite
COMPUTER LEARNING RESOURCES
In our technological society ,the computer has changed our
lives dramatically and has found widespread application in
industry, business, schools and homes
Advantages
Interactive potential: quick feedback, retention
Potential database is enormous
Can individualize to suit different types of learners,
different pace of learning
Time efficient
COMPUTER LEARNING RESOURCES
(CONTD)
Disadvantages
Primary learning efficacy: cognitive domain less
useful for attitude/behavior change or psychomotor
skill development
Software and hardware expensive
Must be purchased
Limited use for most older adults, low-literate
learners, those with physical limitations
EVALUATION CRITERIA FOR
SELECTING MATERIALS
Considerations for Selecting Materials
Learner characteristics
Task(s) to be achieved
Media available
STATE OF THE EVIDENCE
learners.
LEARNING PYRAMID ; INFORMATION RETENTION BASED ON THE LEVEL OF
ACTIVE LEARNER INVOLVEMENT
Source : Adopted from National Training Laboratories. Institutes of Applied Behavioral Science
SUMMARY