Gazi

Üniversitesi
Mühendislik
Fakültesi
Elektrik RESONANT
Elektronik CONVERTERS
Mühendisliği
Güç Elektroniğinde Özel Konular

Doç.Dr. İres İSKENDER

Maryam KAZEMI
INTRODUCTION
Increasing the frequency of operation of
power converters is desirable, as it allows
the size of circuit magnetic and capacitors to
be reduced, leading to cheaper and more
compact circuits. However, increasing the
frequency of operation also increases
switching losses and hence reduces system
efficiency.

Güç Elektroniğinde Özel Konular

INTRODUCTION
One solution to this problem is to replace the
"chopper" switch of a standard SMPS topology
with a "resonant" switch, which uses the
resonances of circuit capacitances and
inductances to shape the waveform of either
the current or the voltage across the
switching element, such that when switching
takes place, there is no current through or
voltage across it, and hence no power
dissipation .
A circuit employing this technique is known
as a resonant converter.
Güç Elektroniğinde Özel Konular
INTRODUCTION

Güç Elektroniğinde Özel Konular

RESONANT SWITCH
 Thyristors were the major power devices used in
power electronic circuits. Each thyristor requires
a commutation circuit, which usually consists of
an LC resonant circuit, for forcing the current to
zero in the turn-off process. This mechanism is in
fact a type of zero-current turn-off process
 In many high-power applications, controllable
switches such as GTOs and IGBTs have replaced
thyristors

Güç Elektroniğinde Özel Konular

ELEMENTS OF RESONANT
SWITCH

A resonant switch is a subcircuit

composed of a semiconductor switch S
and resonant elements Lr and Cr . Switch
S can be implemented by a unidirectional
or bidirectional switch, which determines
the operation mode of the resonant
switch.

Güç Elektroniğinde Özel Konular

TYPES OF RESONANT SWITCH

TWO TYPES OF ZERO-CURRENT (ZC)RESONANT

SWITCH

Güç Elektroniğinde Özel Konular

TYPES OF RESONANT SWITCH

TWO TYPES OF ZERO-VOLTAGE(ZV)RESONANT

SWITCH

Güç Elektroniğinde Özel Konular

RESONANCE
For every combination of L and C, there is
only ONE frequency (in both series and
parallel circuits) that causes XL to exactly
equal XC; this frequency is known as the
RESONANT FREQUENCY, and the circuit is
said to be RESONANT to that frequency. The
circuit is now called a RESONANT CIRCUIT;
resonant circuits are tuned circuits. The
circuit condition wherein XL becomes equal
to XC is known as RESONANCE.

Güç Elektroniğinde Özel Konular

RESONANCE
Each LCR circuit responds to resonant
frequency differently than it does to any
other frequency.

RLC resonant circuit resonant frequency

Güç Elektroniğinde Özel Konular
RESONANT FREQUENCY
There are two important points to remember about this formula.

An increase in the value of either L or C, or both

L and C, will lower the resonant frequency of a
given circuit.
A decrease in the value of L or C, or both L and
C, will raise the resonant frequency of a given
circuit.

Güç Elektroniğinde Özel Konular

ZC RESONANT SWITCH
A typical Zero Current Switch consists of a
switch, S, in series with the resonant inductor
LRES, and the resonant capacitor CRES connected
in parallel. Energy is supplied by a current
source.

Güç Elektroniğinde Özel Konular

ZC RESONANT SWITCH

Full-wave zero current switch-topology and waveform

Güç Elektroniğinde Özel Konular

ZC RESONANT SWITCH
When the switch S is off, the resonant capacitor
is charged up with a more or less constant
current, and so the voltage across it rises
linearly. When the switch is turned on, the
energy stored in the capacitor is transferred to
the inductor, causing a sinusoidal current to
flow in the switch. During the negative half
wave, the current flows through the anti-
paralleled diode, and so in this period there is
no current through or voltage across the switch;
and it can be turned off without losses.

Güç Elektroniğinde Özel Konular

ZC RESONANT SWITCH
This type of switching is also known as
thyristor mode, as it is one of the more
suitable ways of using thyristors; these
devices will only turn off if the current
through them is forced to zero, which occurs
naturally in this topology.

Güç Elektroniğinde Özel Konular

ZV RESONANT SWITCH
A typical Zero Voltage Switch consists of a
switch in series with a diode. The resonant
capacitor is connected in parallel, and the
resonant inductor is connected in series with
this configuration. A voltage source
connected in parallel injects the energy into
this system.

Güç Elektroniğinde Özel Konular

ZV RESONANT SWITCH

Full-wave zero voltage switch-topology and waveform

Güç Elektroniğinde Özel Konular

ZV RESONANT SWITCH
When the switch is turned on, a linear current
flows through the inductor. When the switch
turns off, the energy that is stored in the
inductor flows into the resonant capacitor. The
resulting voltage across the capacitor and the
switch is sinusoidal. The negative half-wave of
the voltage is blocked by the diode.
During this negative half wave, the current and
voltage in the switch are zero, and so it can be
turned on without losses.

Güç Elektroniğinde Özel Konular

 POWER SEMICONDUCTORS IN
RESONANT CONVERTERS
1. MOSFETs
2. IGBTs

Simple MOSFET model

Güç Elektroniğinde Özel Konular

 COMPARISONS BETWEEN
ZCS AND ZVS
ZCS :
 eliminate the switching losses at turn-off and
reduce the switching losses at turn-on

ZVS :
 eliminates the capacitive turn-on loss. It is
suitable for high-frequency operation

Güç Elektroniğinde Özel Konular

TYPES OF RESONANT CONVERTERS

Güç Elektroniğinde Özel Konular

RESONANT CONVERTERS
Resonant converters are classified into several types
those are as follows :
1. Conventional resonant converters
 Phase shift modulated
 Load resonant converters
 Series resonant converters
 Parallel resonant converters
 Series-Parallel resonant converters

2. Quasi resonant converters

 Constant frequency operation
 Variable frequency operation
3. Multi resonant converters
 Constant frequency operation
 Variable frequency operation

Güç Elektroniğinde Özel Konular

RESONANT CONVERTERS
Resonant converters are classified into several types
those are as follows :
1. Conventional resonant converters
 Phase shift modulated
 Load resonant converters
 Series resonant converters
 Parallel resonant converters
 Series-Parallel resonant converters

2. Quasi resonant converters

 Constant frequency operation
 Variable frequency operation
3. Multi resonant converters
 Constant frequency operation
 Variable frequency operation

Güç Elektroniğinde Özel Konular

RESONANT CONVERTERS
Resonant converters are classified into several types
those are as follows :
1. Conventional resonant converters
 Phase shift modulated
 Load resonant converters
 Series resonant converters
 Parallel resonant converters
 Series-Parallel resonant converters

2. Quasi resonant converters

 Constant frequency operation
 Variable frequency operation
3. Multi resonant converters
 Constant frequency operation
 Variable frequency operation

Güç Elektroniğinde Özel Konular

QUASI RESONANT CONVERTER
Replacing the switches as power switches MOSFET,
GTO )in the PWM converters by resonant switches
gives rise to a new family of converters, namely
“Quasi Resonant Converters“ (QRC). This
converters can be viewed as a hybrid between
PWM converters and resonant converters. They
utilize the principle of inductive or capacitive
energy storage and power transfer in a similar
fashion as PWM converters

Güç Elektroniğinde Özel Konular

QUASI RESONANT CONVERTER

Güç Elektroniğinde Özel Konular

QUASI RESONANT CONVERTER
An LC tank circuit is always present near the
power switch and is used to shape the current
waveforms through the power switch and the
voltage waveform across the device. It can also
store and transfer energy from input to output in a
manner similar to the conventional resonant
converters.

Güç Elektroniğinde Özel Konular

QUASI RESONANT CONVERTER
The two types of ZCS-QRC converters are: (a)
half wave; (b) full wave as shown:

Güç Elektroniğinde Özel Konular

 QUASI RESONANT CONVERTER
ZCS Properties in this converter:
 The switch turn-on and turn-off occurs at zero
current, which significantly reduces the switching
losses.
 Sudden current changes in the switch are avoided in
ZCS.
 The d i / d t value is small, the stresses are
reduced and hence EMI is reduced.
 The output voltage can be varied by varying the
switching frequency.
 The internal capacitances of the switch are
discharged during turn on in ZCS, which can produce
significant switching loss at high switching
frequency.
Güç Elektroniğinde Özel Konular
QUASI RESONANT CONVERTER
Power circuit of Half wave FM-ZCS-QRC fed servo drive

The sinusoidal current waveform in the case of

zero current resonant switch/the sinusoidal
voltage waveform in the case of Zero voltage
resonant switch, generated by the waveform
shaping LC resonant elements creates a zero
current/voltage condition for the switch to turn-
off/turn-on without switching stresses and losses

Güç Elektroniğinde Özel Konular

QUASI RESONANT CONVERTER

Power circuit of Half wave FM-ZCS-QRC fed servo drive7

Güç Elektroniğinde Özel Konular

QUASI RESONANT CONVERTER

Waveform of Half wave FM-ZCS-QRC

Güç Elektroniğinde Özel Konular

QUASI RESONANT CONVERTER

A switching cycle can be divided into four

stages. The associated equivalent circuits for
these four stages are shown in modes of
operation for half wave and full wave circuits
respectively

Güç Elektroniğinde Özel Konular

QUASI RESONANT CONVERTER

Assume initially free wheel diode(Dfw)carries

the output current ( I0 ) and resonant capacitor
voltage ( Vcr ) is clamped at zero and switch S
is off. At the beginning of the switching cycle
t = t0 , S is switched on.

Güç Elektroniğinde Özel Konular

QUASI RESONANT CONVERTER
When S is turned on at t = t0 ,
the input current (I Lr ) rises
linearly and is governed by the
state equation V = Lr(diLr/dt) .
The duration of the mode,
td1=(t1 − t0) can be solved with
boundary conditions which can
be expressed by equations (1)

Mode 1 Equivalent circuit for Mode 1

Güç Elektroniğinde Özel Konular

 QUASI RESONANT CONVERTER
At time t = t1 , when the input
current rises to the level of I0 ,
Dfw is turned off and the
amount of current (iLr(t)−I0) is
now charging Cr

with the initial conditions

V Cr(t1) =0 and i Lr (t1) = I0.

Mode 2 Equivalent circuit for Mode 2

Güç Elektroniğinde Özel Konular

 QUASI RESONANT CONVERTER
If a half wave resonant switch is
used, switch S will be naturally
commutated at time when the
resonating input current iLr(t)
reduces to zero.On the other
hand, if a full wave resonant
switch is used, current iLr(t) will
continue to oscillate and energy
is fed back to source, V through
Dfw . Current through Dfw again
oscillate to zero. The duration of
this stage td2=(t2-t1 ) can be
solved by setting iLr(t2) =0 .

Mode 2 Equations for Mode 2

Güç Elektroniğinde Özel Konular

 QUASI RESONANT CONVERTER
This stage begins at t2 , when
the current through inductor Lr
is zero. At t = t2 , S is turned off.
The Capacitor Cr discharges
through the load to supply
constant load current. Hence VCr
decreases linearly and reduces to
zero at t3 .

Duration of this stage

Can be solved with the initial

condition

Mode 3 Equivalent circuit for Mode 3

Güç Elektroniğinde Özel Konular
 QUASI RESONANT CONVERTER
This stage starts with the
conduction of freewheeling
diode and the armature current
freewheels through Dfw for a
period td4 until S is turned on
again. The duration of this stage
is .

where Ts is the period of a

switching cycle.

Mode 4 Equivalent circuit for Mode 4

Güç Elektroniğinde Özel Konular

RESONANT CONVERSION:
ADVANTAGES
 The chief advantage of resonant converters: reduced switching
loss
Zero-current switching
Zero-voltage switching
 Turn-on or turn-off transitions of semiconductor devices can
occur at zero crossings of tank voltage or current waveforms,
thereby reducing or eliminating some of the switching loss
mechanisms. Hence resonant converters can operate at higher
switching frequencies than comparable PWM converters
 Zero-voltage switching also reduces converter-generated EMI
 Zero-current switching can be used to commutate SCRs
 In specialized applications, resonant networks may be
unavoidable
 High voltage converters: significant transformer leakage

inductance and winding capacitance leads to resonant network

Güç Elektroniğinde Özel Konular
RESONANT CONVERSION:
DISADVANTAGES
 Can optimize performance at one operating point, but not
with wide range of input voltage and load power
variations
 Significant currents may circulate through the tank
elements, even when the load is disconnected, leading to
poor efficiency at light load
 Quasi-sinusoidal waveforms exhibit higher peak values
than equivalent rectangular waveforms
 These considerations lead to increased conduction losses,
which can offset the reduction in switching loss
 Resonant converters are usually controlled by variation of
switching frequency. In some schemes, the range of
switching frequencies can be very large
 Complexity of analysis
Güç Elektroniğinde Özel Konular