TEMPORARY SUPPORTING

STRUCTURES

BUILDING TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT

CLASSIFICATIONS

Formworks/shuttering

Scaffoldings

Shoring

Underpinning

2
FORMWORK-REQUIREMENTS

Strength

Rigidity

Less leakage

True to size

Smooth surface

Easy removal

Supports

3
ECONOMY IN FORMWORK

Forms of regular sizes and shapes

Allow reuse

Design structural components to allow use of

commercially available forms

Clean and oil forms after use

Pre-fabricate the forms on the ground

4
MATERIALS FOR FORMWORK

Steel

Timber

Plywood

5
GENERAL ARRANGEMENTS OF FORMWORK

Formworks are used for

Wall footings

Column footings

Columns

RCC beams

RCC beam and slab floor construction

Stairs

6
Wall footings

7
Column footings

8
Columns

9
RCC beams

10
11
Stairs

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FORCES ON FORMWORK
Dead load

Live load

Vertical loads

Lateral pressure

Lateral loads

Special equipment loads

Other loads

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TYPICAL AND ASSUMED DISTRIBUTIONS OF
CONCRETE LATERAL PRESSURE

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FORMWORK VIBRATION FOR COMPACTION
OF CONCRETE
External/Shutter Vibrators

15
 Clamped to forms, vibration is conveyed to
concrete through the form

Useful, where reinforcement is congested

Forms need to be designed for strength

Formwork should be watertight

Operates at 3000 to 9000 rpm

Requires more power than internal vibrators to

compensate the energy absorbed by the forms

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SHORING

Used to support formwork

Wood post shores

Adjustable shores

Horizontal shores

Permanent shores

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Adjustable shores

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Horizontal shores

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STRIPPING OF FORMS

Depends upon:

o Amount and nature of dead load

o Character and quality of concrete

o Shape, span and situation of structure

o Temperature of the atmosphere

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Sl no Member Period of time

1. Walls, columns and vertical sides of beams 1 to 2 days

2. Slab (props left under) 3 days

3. Beam soffits (props left under) 7 days

4. Removal of props to slabs:

(a) For slabs of span up to 4.5m 7 days

(b) For slabs of span over 4.5m 14 days

5. Removal of props to beams and arches:

(a) Spanning up to 6m 14 days

(b) Spanning over 6m 21 days

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 FAILURE OF
FORMWORK

22

Baileys Crossroads, Fairfax, Virginia, 1973

CAUSES
1. Improper or inadequate shoring
2. Improper design of formwork
3. Negligence
4. Lack of control over placement of concrete
5. Inadequate strength of form material
6. Inadequate bracing of members
7. Premature stripping
8. Incompetence
9. Failure to follow codes and standards 23
BORED PILE FOUNDATION

..\pile foundation.flv

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