TOXICOLO

GY
PRESENTED BY:- KANIKA SAHNI, CSE 1ST YEAR
 WHAT IS
TOXICOLOGY…..?????
 Chemical toxicology is a scientific
discipline involving the study of
structure and mechanism related to
the toxic effects of chemical agents,
and
encompasses technology advances
in research related to chemical
aspects of toxicology.
 Toxicology is the study of the
adverse effects of chemicals on
living organisms.
 TERMS RELATED TO
TOXICOLOGY
 TOXICITY: The term “toxicity” is used to describe
the nature of adverse effects produced and the
conditions necessary for their production.
 TOXIC: This term relates to poisonous or deadly
effects on the body.
 TOXICANT: refers to toxic substances that are
produced by or are a byproduct of human-made
activities.
 TOXIN: refers to toxic substances that are
produced naturally.
 WHAT IS DOSE, DOSE-RESPONSE AND
THRESHOLD DOSE....????

 DOSE: The dose is the actual amount of a chemical

that enters the body.
 DOSE-RESPONSE: Dose-response suggests that a
dose, or a time of exposure (to a chemical, drug, or
toxic substance), will cause an effect (response) on the
exposed organism.
 THRESHOLD DOSE: Threshold dose suggests that
there should be a dose or exposure level below which
harmful or adverse effects are not seen in a
population.
 PATHWAY OF EXPOSURE.

WATE SOIL
R
AIR FOOD
 CHEMICAL INTERACTIONS….
 The effect that one chemical has on the toxic effect
of another chemical is known as CHEMICAL
INTERACTION.
 TYPES OF INTERACTIONS:-
1. ADDITIVITY: a combination of two or more chemicals is the sum of the expected
individual responses.
2. ANTAGONISM: exposure to one chemical results in a reduction in the effect of the other
chemical.
3. POTENTIATION: exposure to one chemical results in the other chemical producing an
effect greater than if given alone.
4. SYNERGISM: exposure to one chemical causes a dramatic increase in the effect of
another chemical.
 DISCIPLINES OF
TOXICOLOGY….
 Environmental Toxicology
 Occupational (Industrial) Toxicology
 Regulatory Toxicology
 Food Toxicology
 Clinical Toxicology
 Descriptive Toxicology
 Forensic Toxicology
 Analytical Toxicology
 Mechanistic Toxicology
 ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY….

 Studies chemicals that are

contaminants of food, water, soil,
or the air.
 Deals with toxic substances that
enter the waterways, such as
lakes, streams, rivers and oceans.
 Fact: Most common problems
include water-borne bacteria and
viruses, waste heat from electrical
plants, radioactive wastes,
sewage, and industrial pollution.
 OCCUPATIONAL
TOXICOLOGY….
 Protects workers from toxic
substances and makes their
work environment safe.
 Fact: Occupational diseases
caused by industrial
chemicals account for an
estimated 50,000 to 70,000
deaths and 350,000 new
cases of illness each year in
the United States.
 DESCRIPTIVE
TOXICOLOGY….
 Is concerned with
gathering toxicological
information from
animal experimentation.
 These type of
experiments are used to
establish the chemical
dosage that would cause
illness and death.
FORENSIC TOXICOLOGY….
 Helps to establish
cause and effect
relationships between
exposure to a drug or
chemical and the
toxic or lethal effects
that result.
 ANALYTICAL
TOXICOLOGY….
 Identifies the
toxicant through
analysis of body
fluids, stomach
content, excrement,
skin, or suspected
containers.
 FOOD AND CLINICAL TOXICOLOGY….

FOOD CLINICAL
 Involves delivering a Is concerned with diseases
safe and edible and illnesses
supply of food to the associated with short term
consumer. or long term
exposure to toxic
chemicals.
 CLASSIFICATION OF TOXIC AGENTS….

 Heavy Metals
 Solvents and Vapors
 Radiation and Radioactive
Materials
 Dioxin/Furans
 Pesticides
 Plant Toxins
 Animal Toxins
 HEAVY METALS….
 Heavy metals are everywhere in nature as components of
earth’s crust. There are 72 metals in the periodic table. These
metals are toxic if excessive amounts of them are ingested.
 Those which are toxic to man are:
1. Arsenic (As)
2. Cadmium (Cd)
3. Lead (Pb)
4. Chromium
5. Iron (Fe)
6. Aluminum (Al)
7. Thallium (Th)
8. Plutonium
 PESTICIDES….
 The word pesticides is a broad term that refers to any device, method, or
chemical that kills plants or animals that destroy our food supply or are
otherwise undesirable OR it is an agent that kills pests.
 The major classes of pesticides include:
1. Bactericides for the control of bacteria
2. Fungicides for the control of fungi
3. Herbicides for the control of weeds
4. Insecticides for the control of insects
5. Molluscicides for the control of slugs and snails
6. Nematicides for the control of nematodes
7. Rodenticides for the control of rodents
8. Virucides for the control of viruses.
THANK YOU