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FHMM1014 Chapter 2 Polynomial
FHMM1014 Chapter 2 Polynomial
FHMM1014 Mathematics I
Chapter 2
Polynomial
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Content
2.1 The Polynomial
2.2 The Remainder Theorem and Factor
Theorem
2.3 Partial Fractions
2.4 Quadratic and Cubic Equations
2.5 Inequalities
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2.1 The Polynomials
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Polynomials
A polynomial function of degree n is a function of
the form
P(x) = anxn + an-1xn 1 + + a1x + a0
where:
n is a positive integer (the degree of the polynomial)
an 0.
a0 , a1, a2 , , an are constants (coefficients of the
polynomial)
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Polynomials
Examples of Polynomials of different degrees.
P ( x) 10 Degree 0
Q( x) 3 x 8 Degree 1
R( x) 2 x 2 x 1 Degree 2
P( x) 3x 6 2 x 3 1 Degree 6
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Example 1
If P( x) 2 x 6 x x 3 and Q( x) 3x 2 x 2 , find:
3 2 2
(i) P( x) Q( x)
(ii) P( x) Q( x)
(iii) P( x) Q( x)
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Factors of a Polynomial
Consider the following :
P( x) x 7 x 6 ( x 1)( x 2)( x 3)
3
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Zeros of a Polynomial
A number a is known as a zero of a polynomial P(x)
if P(a) 0 .
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The Rational Zeroes Theorem
Given a polynomial P(x) with integer coefficients,
p
and a rational number in lowest terms, the rational
q
p
zeroes of P(x), if they exist, must be of the form ,
q
where p is a factor of the constant term, and q is a factor
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Example 2
Find all rational zeros of 6 x 4 x 3 4 x 2 x 2 .
P( x) 3x 4 x3 14 x 2 4 x 8
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Example 3 Solution
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2.2 The Remainder and
Factor Theorem
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The Remainder Theorem
In general, if P(x), a polynomial of degree n, is
divided by (x a) :
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The Remainder Theorem
P( x) Q( x) ( x a ) R
This means :
When a polynomial P(x) is divided by (x a),
the remainder is P(a).
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Long Division
Find 5x 4 3x 2 6 3x 2 1
5 14
x 2
Quotient
3 9
3x 1
2
5x 4 3x 2 6
5
5x x
4 2
Divisor 3
The Polynomial
14 2
x 6
3
14 14
x2
3 9
Remainder
68
9
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Long Division
The long division process ends when the last line is of
lesser degree than the divisor.
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Example 4
Using long division, find the quotient and remainder
when 2 x3 9 x 2 15 is divided by 2 x 5.
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Example 4 Solution
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Example 5
Using long division, find the quotient and remainder
when 3x 4 x 5 is divided by x 1.
3 2
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Example 5 Solution
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Example 6
Find the remainder when the polynomial
P( x) 2 x 6 x 3x 4
3 2
is divided by ( x 3) .
Use the remainder Theorem to find P(3) .
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Example 6 Solution
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The Factor Theorem
In general, if P(x) is divided by (x a) :
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Example 7
The polynomial 2 x 3
3ax 2
ax b has a factor
(x 1), and when divided by (x + 2), its
remainder is 54. Find the values of a and b
and then factorize the polynomial.
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Example 7 Solution
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Example 8
(a) Let P(x) = x3 6x + 5.
(i) Show that P(1) = 0.
(ii) Use this fact to factorize P(x) completely.
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Example 8 Solution
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Example 9
The polynomial f(x) = 2x4 x3 ax2 bx 30
has factors (x 5) and (x + 2).
(a) Find the values of a and b.
(b) Solve the equation f(x) = 0.
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Example 9 Solution
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Fractional Functions
If f (x) is a polynomial of degree m, and g(x) is a
polynomial of degree n, where m < n , then
f ( x)
h( x ) is a proper fractional function.
g ( x)
However, if m n , then
f ( x)
h( x ) is an improper fractional function.
g ( x)
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2.3 Partial Fractions
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Partial Fractions
In some applications (e.g integration in Calculus),
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Partial Fractions
A partial fraction of polynomials is defined as :
constant or polynomial (numerator)
polynomial (denominator)
where
Q( x) a x b a x b a x b
1 1 2 2 3 3
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Example 10
2x 3
Express in partial fractions.
( x 1)( x 2)
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Example 10 Solution
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With product of factors
Case 2: The denominator is a product of linear
factors, some of which are repeated.
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Example 11
x 14
2
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Example 11 Solution
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Quadratic factors
Case 3:The denominator has product of linear
factors and irreducible quadratic factors,
some or all repeated.
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Example 12
x 6
2
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Example 12 Solution
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Improper Fractional Functions
However, if m n , then
f ( x)
h( x ) is an improper fractional function.
g ( x)
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Improper Fractional Functions
f ( x) a polynomial a proper
g ( x) OR a constant fractional function
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Example 13
Find the partial fraction decomposition of:
x 4x
2
x 42
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Example 13 Solution
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Example 14
Find the partial fraction decomposition of:
x 2 4
x( x 3) 2
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Example 14 Solution
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2.4 Quadratic and Cubic
Equations
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Quadratic Equations
In general form :
ax 2 bx c 0 , a, b, c , a 0
b b 2 4ac
x
2a
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Quadratic Equations
If b 2 4ac 0 2 different real roots.
Cuts the x-axis at 2 distinct points.
If b 4ac 0 2 equal real roots.
2
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Example 15
Find the roots of 2 x 6 x 10 0 by using formula
2
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Example 15 Solution
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Cubic Equations
In general form :
ax bx cx d 0 , a, b, c, d , a 0
3 2
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Example 16
Solve the following cubic equations, giving your
answers in the surd form.
(i) x 3x x 1 0
3 2
(ii) 2 x 5x 5x 2 0
3 2
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Example 16 Solution
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2.5 Inequalities
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Inequalities
The relations such as x > 2, 3x 1 < 1 and
2 x 2 1 are known as inequalities.
2
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Basic Rules
For any a , b with a b:
(i) ac bc
(ii) ac bc , c 0
(iii) ac bc , c 0
a b
(iv ) , c0
c c
a b
(v) , c0
c c
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Method to Solve Inequality
An inequality may be solved according to the type of
the function given, by using :
(a) analytical or graphical method OR
(b) drawing the real number line.
xa 0 + xa 0
x
a
xa 0
Note : The coefficient of x is positive here.
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Example 17
Find the set of values of x which satisfy the
inequalities x 7x 8
2
Solution: ( x 8)( x 1) 0
8 x 1
+ +
x 8
+ x 1
8 1 + 8 1 +
x 8 0 x 1 0
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Example 18
Find the set of values of x which satisfy the
x 1
inequalities 1 .
2 x
Solution:
+ +
x 1 2x 1
1 0
2 x + x2
2x 1
0 1
2 x + 2
2 +
2x 1
0 2 x 1 0 x2 0
x2
1
x or x2
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Example 19
Find the set of values of x such that
6
(a) x 1
x
2 1
(b)
x x2
x 1
(c)
x 8 x 1
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Example 19 Solution
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Example 20
8 2 x 4 16
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Example 20 Solution
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Example 21
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Example 21 Solution
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Example 22
Solve this cubic inequality
( x 2)( x 2)( x 6) 0
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Example 22 Solution
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Example 23
Find the values of x such that
x
(a) 2
x4
(b) 3 x2 x6
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Example 23 Solution
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The End
Of
Chapter 2
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