Grid tied photovoltaic module

Case 1: Ideal grid

fixed frequency, voltage
Grid can absorb or deliver any amount of
power
Analysis: Grid phase taken as reference
Control Objectives:
Achieve MPPT, Active power injection=MPP
Grid synchronization (frequency matching)
No harmonics(through filter) & upf
Isolation and protection
Case 2: Practical case(low penetration
of RE)
Grid can absorb or deliver any amount of
power(Justify :hw notes)
fixed frequency, voltage is to be stabilized at PCC
Analysis: Grid phase taken as reference
Control Objectives:
Achieve MPPT, Active power injection=MPP
Grid synchronization (frequency matching)
No harmonics(through filter) & REACTIVE POWER
SUPPORT
Isolation and protection
Case 3:Future case: Higher penetration
of renewable energy
Grid cannot be modelled as a unit which can
absorb or deliver any amount of power
Have to take care of stability
Active power balance(frequency stability) and
reactive power support has to be there.
Active power o/p MPPT
Frequency stabilization is diff from frequency
synchronisation
Intelligent AGC
Case 4: Faulty conditions(of grid or RE)
Strategy:Try to support as much as possible, if
it is a sure shot failure, exit at the
earliest(islanding for microgrids)
Non linear loads causing harmonics
Bidirectional power flow problems
Case1:Ideal grid
 2 stage or 1 stage?
Grid side converter and PV side converter
Control objectives of each
Dc link for decoupled control/
Brief on MPPT & parameter
estimation
 Challenges
How to estimate solar cell parametrs of a
given module(manufacturer data sheet) for
modelling?
Non linear relation: One step, Gauss siedel
Which MPPT Technique to use
 Model of PV cell
Single diode RP model and is the most commonly used PV cell
model thanks to its relatively appropriate tradeoff between accuracy
and simplicity.
Why do need model? To predict the behaviour for diff irradiation
and temperature conditions
Rs and Rp are not dynamic , they remain same for all
operating/enviornmental condition. Diode is not an ideal diode.
In a physical setup, we dont care about the model only the
terminal V and I values are sensed and used for further calculations
 How to obtain Rs and Rp
Manufacturer provides
PV cell steady state characteristics
Non linear characetiristics (like diode)
 Conventional approach

Refer EVALUATING MPPT CONVERTER TOPOLOGIES USING A

MATLAB PV MODEL
 Proposed approach
Measure V & I , and possible acquire temperature information from
smart phone.
Estimate the irradiation by using

Find Iph & thereby irradiation( is proportional)

Refer look up table to find the MPP(Volatge) corresponding to the
estimated irradiation
Quickly alter the duty ratio to match
Carry out perturb and observe around the new operating point for
fine tuning. Identify the correct MPP and update the stored look-up
table
Achieve the corresponding duty ratio using current mode control
Brief on why dq transformation is
useful for independent control of
quantities.
 Straightforward control
I dont know the technical term for this so used
layman language as title
In many day to day affairs, we do many
straightforward control stuff( we adjust quantites
according to our needs). Say we need to control
volume we change volume button, if brighness
,brightness button. Ie, 1 button for 1 objective.
This makes our control action very easy. You can
achieve any no: of objectives if you just have to
concentrate 1 button at a time for each objective.
 Coupled system/control variable and
objectives
But there are some cases where things are not that simple
Lets say u have 2 buttons at your disposal and 2 quantities
to be controlled. But now, the case is like both these
buttons will affect both quantites. (Give eg: of hypotetical
phone button)Life becomes difficult to control.
Unfortunately there are some real life examples where this
happens. (Hot water cold water tap opening Vs flow and
temperature control)
Physical quantites which can be controlled are not related
to control objectives in one-on-one manner
It would have been nice if 2 knobs are obtainable for
controlling temperature and flow and the background
controller takes the necessary control action. The variables
which can be controlled hysically are only the valve opening
of individual taps
 Grid tied inverter
What we usually want to control is the active
power and reactive power injected to grid
Since the grid voltage is assumed to be
constant, it amounts to saying control of
current (magnitude & phase)
But controlling current changes both active
power and reactive power. Same with phase
 Control loops
DC voltage control
Id and iq control(inner loops)
Outer loop will be to control dc link voltage constant
The voltage control loop, based on a type 2 controller
The innermost control loop, the current controller, sets
the modulation index of the inverter such that the
desired current is injected into the grid. The current
controller is based on a PR controller with a resonant
frequency of 50 Hz to ensure no tracking error is
present.
A damping resistor is included in the output LCL filter
to ensure stable operation of the current controller.