BODY

Body coordination is the process

which ensures the harmonious
action of various organs and
systems in the body to produce a
coordinated response.
The NERVOUS SYSTEM
THE HORMONAL SYSTEM
 NERVOUS SYSTEM

HORMONAL SYSTEM
 Human nervous
system
The human nervous system
controls and coordinates the
various organs and parts of the
body.
It detects the stimulus and
transfer information which
results in a responds.
 the central
nervous system
which consists of
brain
spinal cord
and
the peripheral
nervous system
which consists of
spinal nerves
cranial nerves
 The brain
controls most of bodys
activities. Its receives
information from all
CNS
parts of the body and
analyses them before The spinal
making decision and cord is of nervous
actions.
tissue along
string running
down from the
brain inside the
vertebral column.
Nervous impulse
from all parts of
the body pass
through it.
 actsas a centre for
receiving information in
the form of electrical
impulses from sensory
organs and interpreting
the information
 The peripheral nervous system
include
31 pairs of spinal nerves, each
connected to spinal cord.

12 pairs of cranial nerves,

which are directly connected to the
brain
 originatingfrom the spinal
cord and are connected to the
sensory and effector organs in
the hands, legs, whole body
(skeletal muscles) and glands.
 connect the brain to
sensory organs such as
eyes, ears and internal
organs such as heart.
the basic unit of
the nervous
system
 Axon carry impulses away from
the cell body
Dendrons carry impulses
towards the cell body
Dendrites fine terminal
branches
Myelin sheath acts as an
insulator and as a source of food
for dendrons and axons
3 types of neurones
Sensory neurone

Motor neurone

Relay neurone
(Interneurons)
 Motor
neurones

are connected to effectors

 Function of motor neurones
They transmit
impulses from the
central nervous
system to the
effectors.

This results in a
respons
connected
to receptors
or sensory
organs.

has a long
dendrite
and a short
axon.
Function of Sensory neurones

Receives and transmit impulses

from the sensory organ to the
central nervous system.

Transmit impulse reacting to pain

and cold
- are located in
central nervous
system

- they connect
sensory
neurones to
motor neurones
 Function of relay neurone

Transmit
impulses from
sensory
neurones to
motor
neurones.
 A very narrow space
(0.00002 mm) where an impulse is
transmitted between neurones
Receptors Effectors
A cell or a group of A cell or an organ
cell specialized to that produce a
detects a particular response when
stimulus via the stimulated by nerve
sensory nerves. impulse. Examples
Sense organs of effectors are
contains specific muscles and
receptors glands.
responding to
external stimuli.
 is a fast and automatic response to
stimuli.
an involuntary action which does
not involve conscious thought or
decision through the brain.
helps us to survive and protect us
from harm.
examples:
Cough,
sneeze,
pulling away of the hand
when accidentally touch a hot
object.
 The path
through which
impulses
travel quickly
from the
receptor to the
effectors in a
reflex action.
consists of the :
Receptor (sensory organ)
Sensory neurone

Relay neurone in the central

nervous system (brain)
Motor neurone
Receptor Efector

Sensory Motor
neurone neurone

Synapse Synapse

Relay
neurone
 Cerebrum
Cerebrum is the largest part of the
brain
The surface has many folds to
increases the surface area for packing a
large number of neurones.
Divided into areas with specific
functions
- controls voluntary action

- receives and interprets impulses from

the sensory organs

- controls ones behaviour and emotions

- centre of intelligence, memory,

language and consiousness
Cerebrum divided into areas with specific
functions
- at the back
of the head below
the cerebrum

- a lot smaller than

the cerebrum but it
is a very important
part of the brain.
The cerebellum
controls
balance,
movement and
coordination of
the body
Medulla oblongata

the smallest
part of the
brain
situated below
the cerebellum
continuous
with the spinal
cord
 control involuntary action such
as heart beat, breathing, blood
circulation, and pulse rate
contains the reflex centres for
swallowing, sneezing, vomiting
and salivation.
VOLUNTARY ACTIONS INVOLUNTARY ACTIONS

are action which are automatic

action that the
result from
brain does not
conscious consciously decide
activity by upon.
brain, e.g. they include the
writing, constant actions of
speaking and inner organs, e.g.
dancing the breathing of
heart
 regulates more long-term changes
ductless glands.
these glands secrete chemicals called
hormones.
the hormones are secrete directly
into the bloodstream where they are
carried to the target cells or organs
to produce specific responses
Endocrine glands hormones Functions

Thyroid gland Thyroxine Controls the metabolic

rate
Controls normal physical
and mental growth and
development
Endocrine hormones Functions
glands
Pancreas Insulin Controls the blood
glucose label
Stimulates the
conversion of excess
glucose into
glycogen
Endocrine glands
hormones Functions
the body for
Adrenal glands Adrenaline Prepare

state of excitement, for

examples, increasing
the metabolic rate,
heartbeat and
breathing
Controls the amount
of mineral salt.
Endocrine hormones Functions
glands
Testes Testosterone controls
the
development of male
secondary sexual
characteristic
Control the
production and
development of sperm
Endocrine hormones Functions
glands
Ovaries Oestrogen, Control the
Progesterone
development of female
secondary sexual
characteristic
control the menstrual
cycle, ovulation and
changes in thickness of
the uterus wall.
a. stimulants - speed up nerve
impulse
b. depressants slow down nerve
impulse
c. hallucinogens cause hallucinations
d. opiates give the body a false
pleasurable
Category Examples Effects on body
of drugs coordination
Stimulants Amphetamines, stimulates the central
cocaine, nervous system
Caffeine, speed up body processes
Nicotine, makes the user more alert
Marijuana and confident
Increase pulse rate and
blood pressure
Long-term usage causes
sleeplessness
Category Examples Effects on body
of drugs coordination
Depressant Barbiturates , slows down the central
Alcohol, nervous system
Tranquillisers. Slow down activities of the
heart, respiratory system and
the skeletal muscles
Makes the user fell sleppy and
less anxious
Excessive dosage may result
coma
Category of Examples Effects on body
drugs coordination
Hallucinogen LSD (lysergic Distort the way the brain
acid translates impulse from
diethylamine), sensory neurones, thus
Cannabis. causing confusion and
illusions.
Change ones thoughts
and emotions
Category Examples Effects on body
of drugs coordination
Opiates Opium, Relieves pain
Morphine, Suppresses coughs
Heroin, Induces sleep and stupor
Codeine Can impair thinking and
sensory coordination
alcohol
 Yeast is used to make
alcoholic drinks
alcoholic drinks contains
ethanol, a type of alcohol
ethanol is produced through a
process called fermentation
beer

wine

brandy

whisky
 beers (4%-7% alcohol)
wines (10%-13% alcohol)

spirits (30%-50% alcohol)

 when a small amount of alcohol is
consumed, it cause blood capillaries to
expand.
More blood is brought to the surface of
the skin resulting in the skin becoming
reddish and more sweat produce
 When excessive alcohol is
consumed over a long period of
time, it may lead to serious
health problems such as:
reduce judgement, self-
controls and concentration.
dehydration because a high
volume of urine is produced.
 loss of appetite, leading to
malnutrition.
obesity because alcohol contains
high calories.
damage the liver cells ( liver
cirrhosis).
contribute to cardiovascular
disease.
 contributes road accidents because
it slow down a persons reaction
bring misery, hardship and pain to
families.
alcoholics may become aggressive
spend too much money on alcohol and
neglect their childrens welfare.