Databases

Topic 8:
SQL 2

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 SQL 2 Topic 8 - 8.2

Scope and Coverage

This topic will cover:
Creating tables
More on the select statement
Fixing errors and optimisation

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 SQL 2 Topic 8 - 8.3

Learning Outcomes
By the end of this topic, students will be able to:
Understand the syntax of the create statement
Understand the construction of more complex
selections
Recognise the issues around error messaging and
query optimisation

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 SQL 2 Topic 8 - 8.4

Data Definition - 1
Create table departments

(dept_no integer not null,

department_name varchar(30),
location varchar2(3)
primary key dept_no);

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Data Definition - 2
Create table departments
(dept_no integer not null,
department_name varchar(30),
location varchar2(3)
primary key dept_no);
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SQL 2 Topic 8 - 8.5
The table name
Here the columns
are defined. The
datatypes
are specified along
with the length in
brackets.
If a column is
specified as NOT
NULL, then it
is mandatory and
must be populated
when a
new row is created.
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 SQL 2 Topic 8 - 8.6

Primary Key
Create table departments
Create table departments (dept_no integer not null primary
(dept_no integer not null, key,
department_name department_name varchar(30),
varchar(30), location varchar(3));
location varchar2(3)
primary key dept_no);
Primary Key
defined in
different
places

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 SQL 2 Topic 8 - 8.7

Foreign Key
Create table workers

(emp_no number(5) not null,

first_name varchar(30),
last_name varchar(30),
job_title varchar(30),
age number(3),
dept_no number(5),
primary key emp_no,
foreign key (dept_no) references departments(dept_no));

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 SQL 2 Topic 8 - 8.8

Modifying Tables Using SQL

Add an extra column
Drop a column from a table
Modify the maximum length of the table
Add a new constraint
Drop a constraint
Set a default for a column
Drop a default for a column

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 SQL 2 Topic 8 - 8.9

Example of Adding a Column

Using Alter Table
ALTER TABLE job_type
ADD salary FLOAT;

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 SQL 2 Topic 8 - 8.10

Data Manipulation
Select
Order By
Aggregate functions
Group by
Subqueries
Joins

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 SQL 2 Topic 8 - 8.11

Select
SELECT first_name

FROM Students

WHERE Student_type = Overseas;

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 SQL 2 Topic 8 - 8.12

All the Columns or Some of Them

Select *
from Students
Where student_type = Overseas;

Select student_id, first_name, last_name,

From Students
Where student_type = Overseas;

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 SQL 2 Topic 8 - 8.13

Order By - 1
Select first_name, last_name, stu_id

From Students

Where student_type = Overseas

Order by last_name;

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 SQL 2 Topic 8 - 8.14

Order By - 2
Select first_name, last_name, stu_id

From Students

Where student_type = Overseas

Order by last_name desc;

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 SQL 2 Topic 8 - 8.15

Aggregate Functions - 1
Count
Sum
Avg
Min
Max

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 SQL 2 Topic 8 - 8.16

Aggregate Functions - 2
Count returns number of values in a column
Sum returns the sum total of values of a column
Avg returns the mean average of values in
column
Min returns the lowest value in a column
Max returns the highest value in a column

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 SQL 2 Topic 8 - 8.17

Example of Aggregate Function

Select branchID, Count(staff_id)
From workers
Where branchType = Main
Group by branchID
Having Count (staff_id) > 1
Order by branchID

This counts the number of members of staff in main

branches where there are more than 1 staff member.
It groups them by the branchID.

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 SQL 2 Topic 8 - 8.18

Group By
As shown it the previous slide...

This clause is used with an aggregate function and

groups the results by some attribute.

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 SQL 2 Topic 8 - 8.19

Having Clause
Modifies the group by clause
Select branchID, Count(staff_id)
From workers
Where branchType = Main
Group by branchID
Having Count (staff_id) > 1
Order by branchID

In this case, only select groups where it has been

calculated by the count function that there are more
than one member of staff.

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 SQL 2 Topic 8 - 8.20

Sub-Queries
Select d.department_name, d.location
From departments d, workers w
Where d.dept_no = w.dept_no
And w.age =
(select max(w2.age)
From workers w2);

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 SQL 2 Topic 8 - 8.21

Joins
Select d.department_name, w.first_name,
w.last_name
From departments d, workers w
Where d.dept_no = w.dept_no;

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 SQL 2 Topic 8 - 8.22

Fixing Errors
Not specifying join condition properly
Syntax errors
Spelling errors for keywords
Columns not existing on tables
Data-types being mixed up

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 SQL 2 Topic 8 - 8.23

Query Optimisation
Making sure a query runs as efficiently and as
quickly as possible

Performance

Examining path a query takes through a database

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 SQL 2 Topic 8 - 8.24

TOAD
Tools that are used to help optimise queries

Available at http://www.quest.com/toad/

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 SQL 2 Topic 8 - 8.25

Just Do It!
Like driving a car...

The best way to become proficient with SQL is to

use it.

Laboratory sessions

Assignment

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 SQL 2 Topic 8 - 8.26

Learning Outcomes Have We

Met Them?
By the end of this topic, students will be able to:
Understand the syntax of the create statement
Understand the construction of more complex
selections
Recognise the issues around error messaging and
query optimisation

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 SQL 2 Topic 8 - 8.27

References
Benyon-Davis, P. (2003). Database Systems, 3rd
edition. Palgrave Macmillan. Chapters 11, 12 & 13.
Connolly, T. & Begg, C. (2004). Database Systems: A
Practical Approach to Design, Implementation, and
Management, 4th Edition. Addison Wesley. Chapters 5,
6 & 7.
Dietrich, S. W. (2001). Understanding Relational
Database Query Languages, 1st edition. Prentice Hall.
Chapter 5.
TOAD website http://www.quest.com/toad/

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 SQL 2 Topic 8 - 8.28

Topic 8 SQL 2

Any Questions?

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