THE IMPACT OF BoBC IN OFF-

SHORE WIND ENERGY

CONVERSION SYSTEM
 Abstract
Offshore windfarms is an emerging technology in the wind energy conversion
system. For onshore wind farms high voltage overhead lines are used for
transmitting power from the wind farm to the grid. However this option is not
possible in the case of an offshore windfarm as large part of the distance to
connection point must be covered by submarine cables. The application of
high voltage dc (HVDC) transmission for integrating large scale and/or off-
shore wind generation systems with the electric grid is attractive in comparison
to extra high voltage (EHV) ac transmission due to a variety of reasons like
efficiency, economics etc. In the case of HVDC transmission a converter is
connected between the wind farm and the utility grid. Even though CSCs and
VSCs are widely used for the realization of large HVDC systems, as an
alternative approach Bridge of Bridge converter (BoBC) is introduced recently.
In this work the performance of the VSC and BoBC are compared and
analyzed. The simulation is done using PSCAD/EMTDC software. Compared
with the onshore wind farms, the offshore wind farms have access to
significantly better wind energy resources and hence offer larger energy
generating capability. Therefore offshore wind farms are gaining importance
and the BoBC proves to be better than the VSC for similar applications.
 Paper Publication
1. Sheeba Percis, L. Ramesh, Dr. S. P. Chowdhury, Dr. S. P.
Chowdhury. The Technical Impacts prediction of Small
Scale DG in Low Voltage Distribution Networks
International Conference on Renewable Energy , Anna
University Chennai ,India ,August 2010 , Page 20-25.

2. Sheeba Percis, L. Ramesh, Impact of BoBC in Off-shore

Wind Energy Conversion System , IEEE and IET
International Conference on Computer Communication
(ICCCET 2011) ,National College of Engineering ,
Tirunelveli, India ,March 2011,Page 50-56.

3. Sheeba Percis,Detection of flaws in rolling of steel

sheets using Image processing, National Conference on
Future challenges and Budding Intelligent Techniques in
Electrical & Electronics Engineering (NCEEE 2010),
Sathyabama University,Chennai ,India , April 2010, Page
78-81.
OUTLINE OF PRESENTATION

Introduction
Literature review
Methodology
Results and Discussion
Conclusion
 INTRODUCTION

Wind - Promising renewable energy

resource.
Wind energy conversion systems
sustainable energy.
Off-shore WECS are better than on-
shore WECS.
Long distance transmission HVDC
stands ahead of HVAC.
 LITERATURE REVIEW
Limited availability of onshore sites and better off-shore
wind conditions are the driving force for off shore WECS.
With a HVDC system power flow can be controlled rapidly.
Development & availability of power electronic devices is
the underpinning technology for integration of large wind
farms with electricity grid.
VSC based HVDC transmission is a good solution for
connection of large off-shore sites over long distances.
The BoBC has proved to be advantageous than CSCs &
VSCs in terms of efficiency and economics.
METHODOLOGY
 System Design

STAGE I: Design of VSC

STAGE II: Design of BoBC
STAGE III: Realization of HVDC system
SOFTWARE USED: PSCAD/EMTDC
Voltage Source Converter
Ea

I D I D I D Ea

Q
I D I D I D
A A A
100.0 [MVA]
0.1 [H]
B B B

R=0
#1 #2

1.0[uF]
0.1 [H]
C C .44 [kV] C
.44 [kV]
0.1 [H]
I D I D I D
1.0[uF]

1.0[uF]

1.0[uF]

I D I D I D
 Features Of VSC
Consists of six arms with series connected sub-
modules.
Fully controlled switches accompanied with
anti-parallel diodes are used.
Bi-directional current flow is obtained.
Operated in four quadrants.
Control of real and reactive power is possible.
A dc bus capacitor is used to provide stiff dc.
PWM is used.
 Bridge Of Bridge Converter
Main : Graphs
Ea

Ea

D
I

I
0.1 [H] 0.1 [H] 0.1 [H]
1.0 [uF] 1.0[uF] 1.0 [uF]

R =0
D

D
I

I
1.0 [uF]

0 .1 [H ]
1.0 [uF] 1.0 [uF]

0 .1 [H ]
0 .1 [H ]
A A A
100.0 [MVA]

B B B
#1 #2

C C .44 [kV] C
.44 [kV]
0 .1 [H ]

0 .1 [H ]
0 .1 [H ]
D

D
I

I
1.0 [uF] 0.1 [H] 1.0[uF] 0.1 [H] 1.0 [uF]0.1 [H]
D

D
I

1.0 [uF] 1.0 [uF] 1.0 [uF]

 Features of BOBC

Has six arms with sub-modules connected in

series.
Sub-modules are stand alone power converters.
Any number of sub-modules can be connected
and desired voltage rating is obtained.
Instead of PWM if discrete voltage steps are
used low harmonics and switching losses are
achieved.
 TESTED RESULTS
Ea Ea
0.350 1.00

0.300 0.80
0.250
0.60
0.200
0.40
y

0.150

y
0.20
0.100

0.050 0.00

0.000 -0.20

Output voltage of VSC Output voltage of BoBC

For an input of 0.44kV, the VSC gives an output of

0.3369kV.
Q=15.799 kVAR
For an input of 0.44kV, the BoBC gives an output of
0.432kV.
AC Side Reactive Component - VSC

Main : Graphs
Q
16.0
14.0
12.0
10.0
8.0
6.0
y

4.0
2.0
0.0
-2.0
0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 ...
...
...

Q=15.799KVAR
 Realization OF HVDC System
C1 Cable2
Edc1
I D I D I D
C2 Edc2
Pulse Pulse Pulse C

Pulse
Cable2
I I I T T T
D D D
2 2 2
A A A Pulse Pulse Pulse A B C
100.0 [MVA]
Edc1
0.1 [H] Cable2 C1
B B B
#1 #2
Q
0.1 [H]
C C .44 [kV] C C2 Eout
.44 [kV] Edc2
0.1 [H]
I I I T T T
D D D
1.0[uF]

1.0[uF]

1.0[uF]

1.6[uF]
Eout
2 2 2
Pulse Pulse Pulse V B C A

V
I D I D I D
Pulse Pulse Pulse

cos(th) theta theta theta Alpha1ON Alpha2ON Alpha3ON

H H H
OFF OFF OFF
Vc th theta Alpha1OFF Alpha2OFF Alpha3OFF Alpha1OFF Alpha2OFF Alpha3OFF
60.0 VCO 150.0 L 150.0 L 150.0 L

sin(th) V theta theta theta theta

* H H H
A
ON ON ON
Alpha1ON Alpha2ON Alpha3ON
L L L
B

Sqrt (2)
*

A B C C

440.0
RMS Voltage

HVDC SYSTEM USING VSC

 HVDC System Using BoBC
Edc1

D
I

I
cos(th)

Pulse
Pulse

Pulse

Pulse

Pulse

Pulse
C1 Vc th theta
0.1 [H] 0.1 [H] 0.1 [H] Cable2 60.0 VCO
1.0 [uF] 1.0[uF] 1.0 [uF]
sin(th) V
Pulse

*
D

D
C
C2 theta
Cable2 H
I

I
Edc2 OFF
Alpha1OFF
Pulse
Pulse

Pulse

Pulse

Pulse

Pulse
150.0 L
C1 T T T
0.1 [H] 0.1 [H] 0.1 [H] Cable2 Sqrt (2)

*
1.0 [uF] 1.0 [uF] 1.0 [uF] theta
2 2 2 H
A A A A B C
100.0 [MVA] 240.0 ON
C2 RMS Voltage Alpha1ON
L
B B B
#1 #2

Edc2 A

0.233[ohm]
C C .44 [kV] C Eout
.44 [kV] Edc1 theta
P+jQ H
Eout V T T T

V
0.1[H]

0.1[H]

0.1[H] OFF
Alpha2OFF
2 2 2 150.0 L
B C A
D

theta
H
ON
I

Alpha2ON
L
theta
Pulse
Pulse

Pulse

Pulse

Pulse

Pulse

H
Alpha1ON Alpha2ON Alpha3ON
0.1 [H] 0.1 [H] 0.1 [H] OFF
Alpha3OFF B
1.0 [uF] 1.0[uF] 1.0 [uF] 150.0 L
Alpha1OFF Alpha2OFF Alpha3OFF
D

theta
H
theta
ON
I

A Alpha3ON
L
Pulse
Pulse

Pulse

Pulse

Pulse

Pulse

B
C
1.0 [uF] 1.0 [uF] 1.0 [uF]
C
Output With HVDC System

Output of HVDC-VSC Output of HVDC-BoBC

The efficiency of the HVDC-BOBC is 87 percent and hence the HVDC

system using BOBC is more efficient than the system using VSC.
 Comparison
In VSC, RC networks are needed for voltage
sharing. BoBC does not demand this.
In VSC, the number of series connections are
restricted due to the RC networks. BoBC is not
affected in this manner.
AC side reactive components.
Fault tolerance.
During fault, energy stored in dc bus capacitance of
VSC feeds the fault.
BoBC is comparatively less costly and more
efficient.
 CONCLUSION
Off-shore WECS is an emerging solution for
green energy.
As distance becomes longer, AC has technical
limitations.
Based on PSCAD/EMTDC simulation results
BoBC is found to be better than VSC in
performance.
BoBC based HVDC off-shore WECS is highly
efficient and cost effective.
 REFERENCES
1. Daniel Ludois and Giri Venkataramanan, An examination of AC/HVDC Power Circuits for
Interconnecting Bulk Wind Generation with the Electric grid,energies 2010,vol 3,1263-1289,ISSN
1996-1073.
2. Sheng Jie Shao and Vassilios G. Agelidis, Review of DC system Technologies for Large Scale
Integration of Wind Energy Systems with Electricity Grids,Energies 2010,3,1303-1319,ISSN 1996-
1073.
3. Juiping pan, Reynaldo Nuqui, Le Tang and Per Holmberg, VSC-HVDC Control and Application in
Meshed AC Networks
4. S. K. Chaudhary, R. Teodorescu and R. Rodriguez, Wind Farm Grid Integration Using VSC Based
HVDC Transmission An Overview
5. Prasai,A, Yim.J, Divan.D, Bendre.A, Sul.s A new architecture for offshore wind farms, IEEE
Trans. Power Electr. 2008,23, 1198-1204.
6. S. M. Muyeen, R. Takahashi, T. Murata, and J. Tamura, Control Strategy for HVDC interconnected
DC based offshore wind farm.
7. S. M. Muyeen, Member, IEEE, Rion Takahashi, Member, IEEE, and Junji Tamura, Senior Member,
IEEE, Operation and Control of HVDC connected Off-shore wind farm, IEEE Transactions on
Sustainable Energy, Vol. 1, No. 1, April 2010.
8. Christian Feltes, Holger Wrede, Friedrich W. Koch andIstvn Erlich, and Istvan Erlich, Enhanced
Fault Ride Through Method for Wind Farms Connected to the Grid through VSC based HVDC
Transmission, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, Vol. 24, No. 3, Aug. 2009.
9. Hermann Koch and Deitmar Retzman, Connecting Large Off Shore Wind Farms to the
Transmission Network, 2010 T&D Conference, New Orleans.
10. Nikolas Flourentzou, Vassilios G. Agelidis and Georgios D. Cementriades, VSC based HVDC
Power Transmission Systems: An Overview, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, Vol. 24, No.
3, March 2009.
18 & 19 March 2011 ICCCET 2011 - National College of Engineering 21