CHAPTER 10 :

SPACE EXPLORATION
WHAT IS
ASTRONOMY?
ASTRONOMY IS THE SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF THE MOTION AND
NATURE OF OBJECTS IN THE UNIVERSE SUCH AS THE SUN, THE
MOON, PLANETS, STARS AND GALAXIES.
CONTRIBUTIONS OF ASTRONOMERS
 BELIEVED THAT THE SUN, PLANETS, MOONS
AND STARS ORBIT EARTH IN THE SOLAR
SYSTEM.
THE EARTH IS THE CENTRE OF THE SOLAR
SYSTEM.

CLAUDIUS PTOLEMY
 WAS THE FIRST TO SHOW THAT THE
PLANETS, INCLUDING EARTH, ORBIT THE
SUN.
HE PROVED THIS BY USING
MEASUREMENTS AND MATHEMATICAL
CALCULATIONS.
HE IS OFTEN REFERRED TO AS THE
NICOLAUS COPERNICUS FATHER OF MODERN ASTRONOMY.
 THE TELESCOPE WAS INVENTED IN 1608
BY HIM.

HANS LIPPERSHEY
 WAS THE FIRST TO USE THE TELESCOPE TO
MAKE SYSTEMATIC OBSERVATIONS OF
OBJECTS IN SPACE AND MADE
IMPORTANT DISCOVERIES.
GALILEO WAS ABLE TO OBSERVE :
a) THE MILKY WAY AND ITS STARS
b) MOUNTAINS AND CRATERS ON THE
MOON
c) PHASES OF VENUS
GALILEO GALILEI d) SUNSPOTS ON THE SUNS SURFACE
e) FOUR MOONS ORBITING JUPITER
f) RINGS AROUND SATURN
 INTRODUCED THE LAW OF GRAVITY
DEVELOPED THE MIRROR TELESCOPE

SIR ISAAC NEWTON

 THE FIRST PERSON TO PROVE THE
EXISTENCE OF GALAXIES.
IN 1929, HE WAS ABLE TO PRESENT
EVIDENCE FOR THE EXPANSION OF THE
UNIVERSE.
IN 1989, NASA NAMED THE HUBBLE SPACE
EDWIN POWELL HUBBLE TELESCOPE AFTER HIM TO ACKNOWLEDGE
HIS CONTRIBUTIONS IN ASTRONOMY.
 SUGGESTED THAT THE EARTH IS
SPHERICAL IN SHAPE AND NOT FLAT.

ARISTOTLE
 STATED THAT THE EARTHS ORBIT IS
ELLIPTICAL (OVAL) SHAPE.

JOHANNES KEPLER
SPACE EXPLORATION IS THE INVESTIGATION OF THE UNIVERSE
OTHER THAN EARTH BY MAN USING SPACECRAFT SUCH AS
ROCKETS, SATELLITES AND SPACE PROBES.

ROCKETS
ARE USED TO LAUNCH ARTIFICIAL
SATELLITES INTO SPACE.
MUST MOVE AT A SPEED OF AT LEAST 7
MILES PER SECOND OR 11 KM PER SECOND
TO BREAK FREE FROM THE GRAVITATIONAL
PULL OF EARTH. (ESCAPE VELOCITY)
 SPACECRAFTS
SOUNDING ROCKETS
CARRY SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS TO GATHER AND RECORD
INFORMATION IN SPACE NEAR EARTH.
REMAINS IN SPACE FOR A SHORT PERIOD OF TIME.

ARTIFICIAL SATELLITES
COLLECT VARIOUS KINDS OF INFORMATION.
REMAINS IN SPACE FOR A LONGER PERIOD OF TIME.
REMAINS IN ORBIT ROUND EARTH. (LIMITED EXPLORATION)

INTERPLANETARY SPACECRAFT
OVERCOMES EARTHS GRAVITATIONAL PULL.
 SATELLITES
a) Space exploration began in 4 October 1957when Russia
launched SPUTNIK I, the first man-made satellite to orbit
Earth. (no living things on board)
b) SPUTNIK II, with a dog named Laika on board, was
launched shortly after.
c) These satellites gather information and data about outer
space and help in communications.

a) These space probes have telescopes and other

scientific equipment to gather information and data,
and send images back to earth.
YEAR EVENT
1926 RobertH.Goddardlaunchedthefirstrocket.
1957 SputnikI(Russia),thefirstman-
madesatellite,waslaunchedtoorbit around Earth. Sputnik II was
launched with a dog.
1958 ExplorerI,thefirstAmericansatellite,waslaunched.
1959 Luna 1 and 2 were launched by Russia. But Luna 2
crashedontotheMoonssurface. In October 1959, Luna 3 was
launched to take photographs of the moons surface.
1961 Vostok1carriedYuriGagarintoorbittheEarth.
1962 Mariner2,thefirstspaceprobelaunchedtoVenus. Mars 1 was
also launched to study Mars.
1964-65 The United States of America sent probes called the Ranger Series
to take photos of the Moons surface.
YEAR EVENT
1969 Apollo11landedontheMoon.NeilArmstrongsteppedontheMoons
surface.
1970 Luna 16 landed on the Moon, collected samples and then returned to
Earth.
1971 Salyut (Russia) , the first space station, was launched.
1980 Voyager 1 successfully made close-up studies of Jupiter and Saturn.
The first space probe to leave the solar system.
1989 Voyager 2 successfully made close-up studies of Jupiter, Saturn,
Uranus and Neptune.
1990 SpacecraftlaunchedtoplaceHubbletelescopeintheEarthsorbit.
1998 First component of the International Space Station was launched.
2003 The European Mars Express orbited Mars.
2004 The US Spirit and Opportunity Rovers landed on Mars.
 The first space station was launched by Russians in 1971.
Space stations are designed to stay in space for a long
period.
Since 1981, astronauts have used space shuttles to travel
to space.
HUMAN BEINGS IN SPACE
a) IN 1961, RUSSIA CREATED HISTORY BY SENDING THE FIRST
ASTRONAUT TO ORBIT EARTH IN VOSTOK 1. MAJOR YURI GAGARIN
BECAME THE FIRST ASTRONAUT TO ORBIT EARTH.
b) THE FIRST WOMAN IN SPACE WAS VALENTINA NIKOLAYEVA-
TERESHKOVA IN 1963.
c) ON 20 JULY 1969, APOLLO II LAUNCHED BY THE AMERICANS LANDED
ON THE MOON. THERE WERE 3 ASTRONAUTS, NEIL ARMSTRONG,
EDWIN ALDRIN AND MICHAEL COLLINS ON BOARD. NEIL
ARMSTRONG WAS THE FIRST HUMAN BEING TO SET FOOT ON THE
MOON.
APPLICATIONS OF TECHNOLOGY

I. TELECOMMUNICATIONS
II. NAVIGATION
III.MILITARY PURPOSES
IV.WEATHER FORECAST
V. MAPPING OF NATURAL RESOURCES
VI.REMOTE SENSING
1. COMMUNICATION SATELLITES ENHANCE GLOBAL COMMUNICATIONS
AND PROVIDE DIRECT LINKS BETWEEN CONTINENTS.
THESE SATELLITES ONLY ORBIT EARTH ONCE IN 24 HOURS.
IN MALAYSIA, MEASAT SATELLITES IN SPACE TRANSMIT LIVE TELECASTS
TO TELEVISIONS IN HOMES.
COUNTRIES LIKE US AND RUSSIA USE SATELLITES TO CONDUCT
EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMMES FOR PEOPLE LIVING IN INTERIOR AREAS.
2. NAVIGATION SATELLITES GUIDE SHIPS AT SEA AND FLYING AIRCRAFT IN
DETERMINING THEIR POSITIONS AND DIRECTIONS ANYWHERE ON
EARTH.
GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM (GPS) PLAYS AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN
SEARCH AND RESCUE MISSIONS.
3. MILITARY SATELLITES HELP COUNTRIES IMPROVE THEIR SECURITY AND
DEFENCE, FOR EXAMPLE, BY LOCATING PERSONNEL AND TARGETS.
4. WEATHER SATELLITES DETECT AND MONITOR CHANGES IN WEATHER
CONDITIONS SUCH AS WIND DIRECTIONS, TEMPERATURES AND PRESSURES
IN EARTHS ATMOSPHERE.
THIS INFORMATION IS SENT TO METEOROLOGICAL STATIONS ON EARTH SO
THAT GLOBAL WEATHER PREDICTIONS CAN BE MADE QUICKLY AND
ACCURATELY.
5. ENVIRONMENTAL SATELLITES HELP DETECT THE LOCATIONS OF NATURAL
RESOURCES SUCH AS PETROLEUM, COAL, NATURAL GAS AND MINERALS.
THEY CAN ALSO BE USED TO SURVEY SUITABLE AGRICULTURAL LAND, WATER
SOURCES, FOREST FIRES AND RICH FISHING WATERS
REMOTE SENSING IS THE TECHNOLOGY USED TO COLLECT DATA AND
INFORMATION IN SPACE ABOUT THE CONDITIONS AND ACTIVITIES ON EARTH.
FIELD APPLICATIONS

GEOLOGY TO LOCATE NATURAL RESOURCES LIKE NATURAL GAS, PETROLEUM AND COAL.
TO MAP LOCATIONS RICH IN MINERALS.

AGRICULTURE TO MAP SOIL SUITABLE FOR AGRICULTURE

TO MONITOR SOIL CONDITIONS
TO MAP LAND USE AND VEGETATION
FORESTRY TO MONITOR DEFORESTATION AND ILLEGAL LOGGING
TO MONITOR THE CONDITIONS OF FORESTS
TO MAP FORESTS AND WETLANDS
WATER TO DETECT UNDERGROUND RESOURCES
RESOURCES TO MONITOR WATER CATCHMENT AREAS

DISASTER TO DETECT OIL SPILLS AND FOREST FIRES

MANAGEMENT TO DETECT OPEN BURNING
TO MONITOR ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGES
TO MONITOR AIR, WATER AND COASTAL POLLUTION.
WEATHER TO PREDICT WEATHER HAZARDS LIKE STORMS AND TYPHOONS.
FORECASTING
JUSTIFYING THE NEED TO
CONTINUE SPACE
EXPLORATION
THANKS !!!